Social Sciences

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Assessment of Seasonality on Performance of Star-Rated Beach Resorts in the Coastal Region of Kenya
(Science Publishing Group, 2022-09-21) Kwenga Japhet; Fwaya Erick; Davis Barasa
Hotel sector have bright vision for the growth of travel and tourism industry by providing the country’s economic growth. Despite increased efforts by the beach resorts managers and Government of Kenya to make them a driving force in achieving the national economic growth, they have continued to suffer from annual seasonal fluctuations in the volume of business due to tourism seasonality each with different expectations and demands. This paper assessed seasonality and performance of star-rated beach resorts in the coastal region of Kenya. Mixed method approach was used to do a cross- sectional survey. Questionnaires and interview schedule were used to collect data. Target population comprised of managers (23) and guests (586). Managers were purposively selected while guests were randomly sampled. Descriptive and inferential statistic were used to analyse quantitative data while qualitative data was analysed thematically. Results revealed high Standard Deviation (1.27), observed in October-December and April-July (1.8) while low Standard Deviation (0.51) was observed in April Easter week and December-March (0.85). Thus, a homogeneity of the responses that April Easter week and December- March are actually peak seasons interpreting to good performance. A number of factors were perceived to cause seasonality; internationally, climatic changes and travel patterns while domestically, holidays, religious festivals, sports and trade fairs. The study recommended extensive assessment on causes, impacts and effective management strategies to smoothen performance.
Strategies for enhancing community development: a case of Anglican development services in Kenya
(Journal of philosophy and religion, 2022-09) Wambugu, Peter Muriithi; Dickson Nkonge Kagema; Stephen Micheni
This research sought to investigate the strategies employed by Anglican Development Services in enhancing Community Development in Kenya. The study targeted four Anglican Development Services regions in Kenya. A sample of 330 respondents drawn from a target population of 1,827 was acquired through a Descriptive Research design. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Quantitative data were analysed using frequencies and percentages while thematic analysis was done on qualitative data. The findings illustrated that there were well- founded strategies for enhancing Community Development in Kenya employed by the Anglican Development Services. These findings illustrated that the Anglican Development Services has an array of strategies for enhancing Community Development in Kenya. It is recommended that for the effectiveness of Anglican Development Services strategies, the target recipients should be expanded through a conscientization process, biblical and theological interventions and a participatory transformation approach, with the most vulnerable members of the community receiving priority.
The Transition from Subsistence to Cash Crop Farming in Abogeta Sub County of Meru from 1937 -1980
(Journal of Scientific Research & Reports, 2022-12-08) Kaburu, Lydia Gaceri; Kithinji, Caroline Mucece; Dickson K. Nkonge
This study is about a history on the transition from subsistence to cash crop farming in Abogeta Sub-County is in Meru County, Kenya from 1937-1980. Before 1937 farming practices were mainly for subsistence. Crops grown included millet, sorghum, peas, arrowroots, yams, beans and cowpeas. The purpose of this study was to examine the transition from subsistence to cash crop farming in Abogeta Sub County of Meru from 1937 to 1980. It was guided by Articulation of Modes of Production theory whose main precept is that penetration of capitalism in Africa affected modes of production. The study employed descriptive research design to describe the events as they occurred systematically. The instruments of data collection were interview schedules, focused group discussions and observation schedule. The sources of data included oral sources, archival sources and secondary sources which were corroborated to meet the reliability and objectivity of the research. The study was analyzed and presented through Qualitative Data Analysis. The study revealed that traditionally people from Abogeta Sub County engaged in subsistence farming. Farming shifted to cash crop farming from 1937 with introduction of cash crops like coffee and tea. This drift was fueled by search for money and industrialization. The study also noted that the transition had both positive and negative impacts on people of Abogeta. Food insecurity and migration were noted while on positive side it became the major economic activity and hence a source of livelihood to those that practiced. The study may be useful to future researchers in related area. Policy makers in the government may use the study to find solutions to food insecurity in Abogeta Sub County of Meru-County.
Effect of Institutional Digital Repository Information Services on Utilisation of Library Resources by Postgraduate Students at Selected University Libraries in Kenya
(Edin burg, 2024-08-09) Pauline Masaa Kavila1 , Paul Maku Gichohi2 & Faith Mwendwa Mwiti 3
Purpose: Every year, Kenya does local studies worth billions of shillings, which are rarely disseminated outside of the institutions' office drawers and library shelves. Therefore, research findings should be shared for advancement right away. Institutional repositories are a significant recent development in the field of research exchange within libraries. Effective utilization of these services is essential for postgraduate students to access relevant resources, expand their knowledge, and complete quality research projects. However, gaps in the use of information services by postgraduate students have been observed, indicating the need for a deeper understanding of their usage patterns, preferences, and challenges. This study examines how postgraduate students in selected Kenyan universities utilise institutional digital repositories to support their academic needs. Methods: The study was grounded in the Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DIT) focusing on 2,452 individuals - 2,372 postgraduate students and 80 librarians from the University of Embu, Kenya Methodist University, Kirinyaga University, Meru University of Science and Technology, and Chuka University. A random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 493 respondents, including 475 postgraduate students and 18 librarians. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaires for students and interviews with selected librarians to provide both quantitative and qualitative insights. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, while qualitative data was presented narratively. Results: Findings revealed that digital repository services (β=0.109, p < 0.05) had significant positive effects on library utilization. Conclusion: The study concludes that Digital Institutional Repositories (DIRs) are essential in supporting postgraduate students' effective use of library services. It recommends the university management together with the ICT department should ensure the provision of reliable internet connectivity to facilitate the seamless use of digital resources, Initiative for regular training and workshops should be organised by the library administration. To provide librarians with knowledge of digital resources, information services, and efficient user support and service delivery. Additionally, Librarians should create more awareness of DIR functionalities among postgraduate students to maximize their engagement and benefit from these resources.
The Use of Mock Politeness as a Communicative Strategy by Kenyans on �
(Open Access Library Journal, 2024-10-21) Emmanuel Njuki1, Christine Atieno2, Nancy Mbaka2
Kenyans on 𝕏𝕏 function as a community of language users where language is not just a tool of communication, but an instrument for achieving social goals where they use language to navigate social interactions, have fun, critique leaders and assert their social identities. This paper examines the use of mock politeness as a communicative strategy by Kenyans on 𝕏𝕏. With a focus on their language, the study discusses how mock politeness helps Kenyans on 𝕏𝕏 discuss various social, political and economic issues around this virtual space. Impoliteness theory by [1] Culpeper (1996) helps to analyze how impolite language is used in this virtual space. A qualitative research approach is used in the study as the data is linguistic. Purposive sampling technique was used to select tweets that showed how mock politeness impoliteness strategy was used by Kenyans on 𝕏𝕏. A guiding card was used to collect and place data collected in various categories. Content analysis method was also used to analyze data that was collected. This research is im portant as it helps to understand how Kenyan 𝕏𝕏 users employ mock politeness to express themselves and negotiate power dynamics on 𝕏𝕏. The study sheds light on the communicative practices of Kenyan 𝕏𝕏 users
Ensuring Long-Term Viability: A Proposed Framework for Institutional Repository Sustainability
(Journal of Arts and Humanities, 2024-09-15) Onsinyo Charity Nyaboke, Richard Guto
Universities in developing countries are faced with the challenge of accessing scholarly information to support their research and teaching mandate (Ammarukleart 2017:16; Saina 2022:1). The increased cost of academic publications like books and journals, the significant growth in the overall volume of research, and the long latency in the traditional print publications paradigm have affected research and teaching in institutions of higher learning (Ukwoma and Dike 2017; Saini 2018). As such, institutional repositories (IRs) are developing as vehicles to possibly support universities achieve their roles (Jain, Bentley & Oladiran 2016; Wesolek 2016: xv) An IR is defined as a digital archive of intellectual output created by the faculty, research, staff and student of an institution of higher learning and accessible to end users both within and outside of the institution with few if any barrier to access (Lynch 2003; Murugathas & Balasooriya 2014; Jain et al 2015; Demetres, Delgado & Wright 2020). These digital documents consist of all electronic publications such as thesis, journals, books and conference papers (Okumu 2015; Kodua 2020).
Types of Sex Programmes Aired on Vernacular Radio
(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2017-07-17) Mwangi, Allan; King’ara, George Ngugi; Waita, Zachary Njogu
Vernacular FM radio is a fairly new mass medium in Kenya. This paper explains the types of sex programmes aired by vernacular radio in the country. It focuses on two radio stations broadcasting in Gikuyu language, a native language with the highest number of speakers in Kenya. The two radio stations in this study are Kameme FM and Inooro FM. The researcher listened to sex talk aired by the radio stations and transcribed the broadcasts. From the transcripts, it was possible to categorise the types of content broadcast. The study also gave questionnaires to 384 listeners to know what sex talk programmes they listened to. Sex talk in this study refers to radio broadcasts that address romantic love and sexual intercourse topics.
Equipping Lay Leaders for Christian Ministry in the Anglican Church of Kenya through Theological Education by Extension
(Missionalia: Southern African Journal of Missiology, 0001-05-21) Kiarie,George and Mwangi,Mary
The mission of ecclesia is to empower and equip its leaders for Christian ministry. This has been possible through theological education, particularly for the ordained ministry. Though laity form a substantial number in the Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK) ecclesiastical context, they are theologically ill-equipped for Christian ministry despite their integral roles in pastoral and administrative functions in their respective local congregations. The article was informed by both empirical and non-empirical data drawn from the ACK diocese of Thika in 2020. The data was derived from 11 questionnaires where two former diocesan Theological Education by Extension (TEE) co-ordinators and nine Archdeaconry TEE facilitators in the diocese of Thika were engaged. Archival documents from the diocese and review of literature also enriched the study. The study’s findings show that the success of the 21st century ecclesia solely depends on how thoroughly the lay leaders are empowered and equipped theologically through TEE.
Strategies for enhancing community development: a case of Anglican development services in Kenya
(Journal of philosophy and religion, 2022-09-05) Wambugu, Peter Muriithi; Kagema, Dickson Nkonge; Micheni, Stephen
This research sought to investigate the strategies employed by Anglican Development Services in enhancing Community Development in Kenya. The study targeted four Anglican Development Services regions in Kenya. A sample of 330 respondents drawn from a target population of 1,827 was acquired through a Descriptive Research design. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Quantitative data were analysed using frequencies and percentages while thematic analysis was done on qualitative data. The findings illustrated that there were well- founded strategies for enhancing Community Development in Kenya employed by the Anglican Development Services. These findings illustrated that the Anglican Development Services has an array of strategies for enhancing Community Development in Kenya. It is recommended that for the effectiveness of Anglican Development Services strategies, the target recipients should be expanded through a conscientization process, biblical and theological interventions and a participatory transformation approach, with the most vulnerable members of the community receiving priority.
Towards an African Oikotheology. Journal of Educational Policy and Entrepreneurial Research
(2016) Kagema,D. N
Influence of Social Capital on Livelihood Outcomes for the Internally Displaced Persons in Kenya
(European Scientific Journal, 2017-09) Kiboro, Christopher Nkonge
Social capital is increasingly recognized as important in influencing economic development, establishment of safe neighborhoods and wellfunctioning communities. There is growing evidence that communities with relatively higher stocks of social capital in form of grassroots associations appear to achieve higher levels of growth compared to societies with low stocks of social capital. This study sought to investigate the influence of social Capital on the livelihood outcomes for the internally displaced persons in Kenya. Membership to local level associations was used as a predictor of social capital. The study revealed that majority of the households that were affiliated to local level associations obtained essential services that influenced their livelihoods positively. Overall, the findings reveal that memberships in local associations (social capital) tend to insulate households from risks and other exigencies. The study recommends that government and other stakeholders such as non-governmental organizations should formulate projects and programs that seek to promote wider participation in local level associations particularly by the poor and those whose livelihoods are vulnerable.
Gender Comparison in the Effectiveness of Guidance and Counselling Services in Enhancing Students’ adjustment to School Environment in Boarding Secondary Schools in Kenya
(International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS), 2017-03) Kanga, Benjamin Mugambi
School adjustment is the process of coping in a new school environment in order to attain the individual and school’s set goals and aspirations. The government, education managers and parents have expressed the need to strengthen school Guidance and Counselling services in order to enhance students’ adjustment to the school environment. Public boarding secondary schools are expected to implement Guidance and Counselling policy of the Ministry of Education and help students adjust to secondary school environment. This study investigated the Gender comparison in the effectiveness of Guidance and Counselling services in enhancing students’ adjustment to school environment in public boarding secondary schools in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research survey design. The study target population was 36,671 comprising of 35,659 form 3 students, 506 Form 3 class teachers and 506 teachers in charge of Guidance and Counselling from boarding secondary schools in Kitui, Nyeri and Nairobi counties in Kenya. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 756 respondents comprising of 720 Form 3 students, 18 Form 3 class teachers and 18 teachers in charge of Guidance and Counselling from 18 secondary schools for the study. Questionnaires were used to collect data from Form 3 students and their class teachers while an interview schedule was used to collect data from teachers in charge of Guidance and Counseling. Using Spearman Brown Prophesy formula by split half technique reliability coefficient of 0.745, 0.746 and 0.736 were realized for students, class teachers and teachers In charge of Guidance and Counseling respectfully. This was accepted because an alpha value of 0.7 and above is considered suitable for making group inferences that are accurate. The data was analyzed by use of inferential anddescriptive statistics with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 for windows and presented in frequency distribution Tables and percentages. The findings of this study provide information to school administrators, policy makers,parents and other stakeholders on various issues that need to be addressed in Guidance and Counseling to enables students adjust to school environment. The study further suggest ways of ways of improving Guidance and Counselling services in order to make it more effective in public boarding secondary schools.
Effect of Computer Assisted Teaching Strategy on Students Achievement by Gender in Agricultural Education in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya
(International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 2018-02-28) Muchiri, Joyline Mugero
Gender has remained relevant in education because it has been linked to achievement and participation in certain professions. Gender differences in achievement has been shown to vary according to school subject. This has partly been attributed to the teaching strategy adopted by the teacher. Computer Assisted Teaching (CAT) strategy is a method that uses computers in a learning media and strengthens student’s motivation and educational processes. Little or no information is known about the impact of the strategy in teaching agriculture and consequently it’s effect on achievement by gender. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether there is gender difference in achievement in agriculture among students exposed to CAT strategy. The study employed Solomon Four-Quasi-experimental design. The study was conducted in eight county secondary schools in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. Stratified random sampling technique was used in selecting sample schools. A sample of 327 Form One students participated in the study. The research instrument was Agriculture Achievement Test (AAT) with a reliability coefficient of 0.91. Descriptive statistics (means and percentages) and inferential statistic (ANOVA) were used for data analysis. The study showed that CAT strategy improved achievement in agriculture but male students performed better than female students after exposure to CAT strategy. The study concluded that CAT is an effective strategy in improving achievement in agriculture and therefore agriculture teachers should incorporate CAT strategy in their teaching.
Challenges of accessing library and information services for Persons with disabilities in university libraries in Meru county, Kenya
(International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 2018) Onsinyo, Charity Nyaboke
Despite the availability of library and information services in University libraries, the services are not accessible and optimally utilized and benefited by persons with disabilities (PWDs). This is because the typical library favors the able-bodied patrons more. Therefore, this study sought to find out challenges that Persons with Disabilities in University libraries in Meru County faced in accessing library and information services and to present practical solutions that were appropriate to the situation. The researcher adopted descriptive survey design. The study targeted four (4) University Libraries in Meru County. The study population comprised of all professionally trained librarians from the selected universities and all library users with disabilities with biasness towards the visually impaired, the hearing impaired and the mobility impaired. A purposive sampling technique was employed and the sample size was fifty five (55) respondents composing of thirty one (31) librarians, six (6) visually impaired library users, sixteen (16) mobility impaired library users and two (2) hard hearing users. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedule. Data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively using descriptive statistics. The results were presented by use of percentages, frequency tables, bar graphs and pie-charts. The evidence emanating from the study strongly indicated that provision of library and information services in the four libraries to students with disabilities was largely characterized structural inadequacies, unskilled staff , and absence of internally formulated policy frameworks. In particular, the study revealed that the libraries had no sufficient facilities, resources and equipment such as the lifts, spacious ramps, Braille materials, hearing aids required by students with disabilities. Thus, the study concluded that the libraries do not have the needs of students with disabilities at heart. The study makes several recommendations for considerations to the research community, library decision makers, staff at the various library sections and to students with disabilities themselves.
Psychosocial issues reported in the Kenyan print media: a case study of Embu, Tharaka-Nithi and Meru counties
(International Journal of Social Science and Technology, 2018-03-02) Areri, George Manono; Mwiti, Kenneth Murungi
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are defined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, offer an opportunity to achieve the commitments on the prevention of most harmful psychosocial issues facing humanity in the twenty first century. This paper sought to identify and analyze the psychosocial challenges that can hinder the attainment of sustainable development in Embu, Tharaka-Nithi and Meru Counties. The study identified the psychosocial issues reported in the three Counties, the trends and types, their prevalence in each of the three counties per month, relevant policies in place, and their impact on development and recommended mitigation measures. The study used archival research method whereby data was collected from already existing records from two local dailies Daily Nation and The Standard newspapers1 for the period between June 2015 to June 2016. Psychosocial issues reported from the three counties were systematically recorded using written document analysis worksheet tool where issues were listed as per newspaper, date and county. Each of the reported psychosocial issue was analyzed as per thematic area. The trends in terms of types of psychosocial issues reported and frequency of occurrence was identified and analyzed per month and County. Discussion of findings related the theoretical explanations in literature to the psychosocial challenges reported in the three Counties. It is anticipated that the findings would be of interest to the County Governments of the said Counties and would help inform policy and County development planning.
Information literacy standards of school libraries of Nairobi and Tharaka-Nithi counties, Kenya
(Journal of Environmental Sustainability Advancement Research, 2022) Ireri, J. M.; Evans, N.; Ocholla, D.
Information literacy is described as a set of abilities that require individuals to recognize when information is needed and locate, evaluate, and use the needed information effectively (American Library Association, 2018). Information literacy skills are essential to secondary school students in developing countries such as Kenya. A preliminary investigation by the researcher revealed that many secondary schools in Kenya have poor literacy standards and have no room for information literacy programs for their students, despite the fact that secondary school education is transitional to university education. This study assessed the information literacy standards of school libraries in Nairobi and Tharaka-Nithi Counties. The study selected Nairobi and Tharaka-Nithi counties, which represent urban (Nairobi) and rural populations (Tharaka-Nithi). Data was collected using questionnaires. Systematic sampling was used to select 30 secondary schools (20 schools from Nairobi and 10 from Tharaka-Nithi) out of 304 secondary schools, while stratified random sampling was used to classify the students into four strata (Form 1-4). A total of 385 students were sampled (255 from Nairobi and 130 from Tharaka-Nithi. The results show that more needs to be done towards improving the libraries so that the students can be encouraged to visit them frequently. Secondary school libraries do not have apart from books various formats of information resources that would be more appealing to the students. Secondary school libraries should incorporate in their collection a variety of formats of information resources that are more captivating than books.
Sources of authority and influence of councils of elders in Kenya with particular reference to Njuri Ncheke of Meru county, Kenya
(Journal of Environmental Sustainability Advancement Research, 2022) Orina, H. K.
Many communities in Kenya have recently witnessed a cultural and religious revival, and they are employing all possible means to propagate this revival. In some communities, there is a revival of ethnic rites, religious rituals and customs. Nationally, there are efforts to preserve and promote ethnic cultures. On the fore front of the revival of cultural consciousness are Councils of elders. Such councils are treated with respect, honour and reverence as the custodians of these cultures and religious beliefs. An example of a council of elders is the Njuri Ncheke of the Ameru. Generally, there is a resilience of African traditional religion in Kenya as exemplified by the Njuri Ncheke. The Njuri Ncheke council of elders has been resilient in the face of modernization, and in the context of a dynamic society with a modern judicial system, new constitutional laws and new religious structures. In spite of this apparent resilience of Njuri Ncheke in Meru County, there has not been any systematic investigation to unearth the phenomenon. The broad objective of this study, therefore, was to investigate the contributions of councils of elders to the resilience of African traditional religion and in particular, the Njuri Ncheke of Meru County. The study was informed by functionalism theory of religion as understood by Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton. This was a qualitative study that sought to describe and analyse the resilience of African traditional religion in Kenya with Njuri Ncheke as a case. The findings of the study are significant in making an important contribution to better understanding of councils of elders in Kenya, understanding the role of religious and indigenous institutions in devolved system of governance, the basis of their influence and authority and their rightful place in a modern dynamic society.
Adverse childhood experiences, adult anxiety and social capital among women in rural Kenya
(Elsevier, 2022) Goodman, Michael L.; Baker, Larissa; Maigallo, Agnes Karambu; Elliott, Aleisha; Keiser, Philip; Raimer-Goodman, Lauren
Hundreds of millions of people suffer anxiety disorders globally, demonstrating need for scalable and effective interventions. Adverse childhood experiences contribute to this mental health burden. The stress-buffering hypothesis, which posits social factors moderate prior adversity and subsequent mental health outcomes, provides one theoretical avenue to consider observations that group-based microfinance programs improve social capital. We investigate associations between adverse childhood experiences, generalized anxiety among adults and social capital associated with participation in a group-based microfinance program in rural Kenya. Adult participants (n=400 women) responded to standardized measures of childhood adversity in June 2018, group-affiliated social capital and generalized anxiety in June 2019. Cumulative adverse childhood experiences predicted higher anxiety, which was statistically moderated by the presence of group- affiliated interpersonal trust. This study is the first to find social capital associated with participation in a group-based microfinance program statistically moderates expected associations between adverse childhood experiences and adult generalized anxiety. Future study should be conducted using a cluster- randomized control design to further assess the potential of this intervention method to ameliorate associations between past adversity and current mental health.
A Gender Community Outreach for Girls Living in Vulnerable Contexts: Experiences from School Literacy Clubs in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya
(Allen Institute, 2020-05) Prof. K. Muriungi, Colomba; Dr. Andima, George
The Kenya Constitution (2010) has deliberately attempted to remedy the traditional exclusion of women and has promoted their full involvement in every aspect of growth and development. It is indeed true that when women have the freedom to reach their full potential, families and by extension communities experience exponential growth. Despite such efforts by the Kenyan government, young girls in rural Kenya continue to suffer and endure, gender exploitation and child labour due to poverty and lack of alternative means of livelihoods. Girls in some parts of Tharaka Nithi County suffer from poor access to education and health services caused by high poverty levels. Such levels of poverty and the patriarchal systems are responsible for the marginalization of girls on matters health and education in favour of the boy child. This paper presents the efforts made to empower girls in this context to voice their story through literacy clubs. Specifically, the paper discusses the girls’ use of literacy clubs to voice the challenges they face in their educational pursuit, the use of literacy clubs to voice the nature of discrimination they face and to empower and build their resilience. Data was collected from a sample of form one and two girls from five Sub-county schools in Tharaka Nithi County. The data collected was analysed qualitatively and the key themes in relation to the plight of girls in this context identified. The paper presents the research process, discusses the findings and key implications of the findings on the emancipation of the girl child at the local as well as the global scene.
Marking Identity through Language in Social Media Discourse by Chuka University Students
(ARC, 2019-08) Miriti, Gervasio; Dr. Karuri, Mary
Interaction via social media has gained popularity owing to the technological advancements that have affected the manner in which people communicate in the contemporary world. This paper is geared towards shedding light on the ways in which language is exploited by the University students to mark their identities through language in their social media discourse. Studies on social media discourse have largely been done in monolingual situations where texts written in one/single language have been analyzed. It was, therefore, necessary to carry out a study in multilingual situation where texts written in English, Kiswahili, Sheng (a Kenyan Pidgin) and local languages are analyzed. The study employed social identity theory in analyzing the data. Descriptive research design and qualitative technique were employed for data analysis. Both snowball and purposive sampling procedures were used. The study reveals that students mark their identities by converging in their messages through the use of special jargon, multimodality, and, simple syntactic structures. It was concluded that the students mark their identities by using language in a similar manner.

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