Social Sciences

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Equipping Lay Leaders for Christian Ministry in the Anglican Church of Kenya through Theological Education by Extension
(Missionalia: Southern African Journal of Missiology, 0001-05-21) Kiarie,George and Mwangi,Mary
The mission of ecclesia is to empower and equip its leaders for Christian ministry. This has been possible through theological education, particularly for the ordained ministry. Though laity form a substantial number in the Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK) ecclesiastical context, they are theologically ill-equipped for Christian ministry despite their integral roles in pastoral and administrative functions in their respective local congregations. The article was informed by both empirical and non-empirical data drawn from the ACK diocese of Thika in 2020. The data was derived from 11 questionnaires where two former diocesan Theological Education by Extension (TEE) co-ordinators and nine Archdeaconry TEE facilitators in the diocese of Thika were engaged. Archival documents from the diocese and review of literature also enriched the study. The study’s findings show that the success of the 21st century ecclesia solely depends on how thoroughly the lay leaders are empowered and equipped theologically through TEE.
Evaluation of micronutrients in seeds of Pumpkin varieties grown by smallholder farmers in the Lake Victoria Basin
(2013-12) Peter, Echessa A.C. 1; Nyambaka, Hudson1 ,; Ondigi, N. Alice2 ,; Omuterema, Stanley3 ,; Toili, William3 ,; Afihini, S. M. Ijani4; Sande, Anne5
This study shows micronutrients malnutrition and its devastating effects taking toll of the world, affecting over two billion of its population. Measures have been put in place that includes supplementation, fortification and bio fortification among others. Utilization of indigenous crops are known to be nutritious and are acceptable among the communities mainly, developing countries favours the later method. The micronutrient levels in pumpkin seeds of six varieties, cultivated in four districts within the Lake Victoria Basin, East Africa were determined. This was with a view to establish if any significant differences existed between the varieties as well as set the background upon which the better varieties should be improved. The results showed levels of moisture (11.62-26.23 mg /100 g), βcarotene (0.02-0.42 mg /100 g), thiamine (0.19-0.54 mg /100 g), niacin (0.43-1.03 mg /100 g) and pyridoxine (0.13-0.26 mg /100 g), zinc (3.73-9.70 mg /100 g) and selenium (5.43-11.07 µg /100 g) significantly differed (p < 0.05). The varieties evaluated did not show significant differences in vitamin C, α-tocopherol and iron. The carnival squash (C. maxima) seeds, generally exhibited better levels of most micronutrients among the varieties sampled. Specifically however, bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) samples showed higher levels of selenium, while butternut (C. moschata) seeds had high levels of zinc (9.70 mg /100 g) and green kabacha (Cucurbita pepo) the B complex vitamins. With sufficient nutritional education and purposefull improvement of the better varieties through breeding, pumpkin seeds can go along way as an alternative path for bio fortification as a method of fighting micronutrients malnutrition.
Towards an African Oikotheology. Journal of Educational Policy and Entrepreneurial Research
(2016) Kagema,D. N
Gender Comparison in the Effectiveness of Guidance and Counselling Services in Enhancing Students’ adjustment to School Environment in Boarding Secondary Schools in Kenya
(International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS), 2017-03) Kanga, Benjamin Mugambi
School adjustment is the process of coping in a new school environment in order to attain the individual and school’s set goals and aspirations. The government, education managers and parents have expressed the need to strengthen school Guidance and Counselling services in order to enhance students’ adjustment to the school environment. Public boarding secondary schools are expected to implement Guidance and Counselling policy of the Ministry of Education and help students adjust to secondary school environment. This study investigated the Gender comparison in the effectiveness of Guidance and Counselling services in enhancing students’ adjustment to school environment in public boarding secondary schools in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research survey design. The study target population was 36,671 comprising of 35,659 form 3 students, 506 Form 3 class teachers and 506 teachers in charge of Guidance and Counselling from boarding secondary schools in Kitui, Nyeri and Nairobi counties in Kenya. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 756 respondents comprising of 720 Form 3 students, 18 Form 3 class teachers and 18 teachers in charge of Guidance and Counselling from 18 secondary schools for the study. Questionnaires were used to collect data from Form 3 students and their class teachers while an interview schedule was used to collect data from teachers in charge of Guidance and Counseling. Using Spearman Brown Prophesy formula by split half technique reliability coefficient of 0.745, 0.746 and 0.736 were realized for students, class teachers and teachers In charge of Guidance and Counseling respectfully. This was accepted because an alpha value of 0.7 and above is considered suitable for making group inferences that are accurate. The data was analyzed by use of inferential anddescriptive statistics with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 for windows and presented in frequency distribution Tables and percentages. The findings of this study provide information to school administrators, policy makers,parents and other stakeholders on various issues that need to be addressed in Guidance and Counseling to enables students adjust to school environment. The study further suggest ways of ways of improving Guidance and Counselling services in order to make it more effective in public boarding secondary schools.
Types of Sex Programmes Aired on Vernacular Radio
(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2017-07-17) Mwangi, Allan; King’ara, George Ngugi; Waita, Zachary Njogu
Vernacular FM radio is a fairly new mass medium in Kenya. This paper explains the types of sex programmes aired by vernacular radio in the country. It focuses on two radio stations broadcasting in Gikuyu language, a native language with the highest number of speakers in Kenya. The two radio stations in this study are Kameme FM and Inooro FM. The researcher listened to sex talk aired by the radio stations and transcribed the broadcasts. From the transcripts, it was possible to categorise the types of content broadcast. The study also gave questionnaires to 384 listeners to know what sex talk programmes they listened to. Sex talk in this study refers to radio broadcasts that address romantic love and sexual intercourse topics.
Influence of Social Capital on Livelihood Outcomes for the Internally Displaced Persons in Kenya
(European Scientific Journal, 2017-09) Kiboro, Christopher Nkonge
Social capital is increasingly recognized as important in influencing economic development, establishment of safe neighborhoods and wellfunctioning communities. There is growing evidence that communities with relatively higher stocks of social capital in form of grassroots associations appear to achieve higher levels of growth compared to societies with low stocks of social capital. This study sought to investigate the influence of social Capital on the livelihood outcomes for the internally displaced persons in Kenya. Membership to local level associations was used as a predictor of social capital. The study revealed that majority of the households that were affiliated to local level associations obtained essential services that influenced their livelihoods positively. Overall, the findings reveal that memberships in local associations (social capital) tend to insulate households from risks and other exigencies. The study recommends that government and other stakeholders such as non-governmental organizations should formulate projects and programs that seek to promote wider participation in local level associations particularly by the poor and those whose livelihoods are vulnerable.
Challenges of accessing library and information services for Persons with disabilities in university libraries in Meru county, Kenya
(International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 2018) Onsinyo, Charity Nyaboke
Despite the availability of library and information services in University libraries, the services are not accessible and optimally utilized and benefited by persons with disabilities (PWDs). This is because the typical library favors the able-bodied patrons more. Therefore, this study sought to find out challenges that Persons with Disabilities in University libraries in Meru County faced in accessing library and information services and to present practical solutions that were appropriate to the situation. The researcher adopted descriptive survey design. The study targeted four (4) University Libraries in Meru County. The study population comprised of all professionally trained librarians from the selected universities and all library users with disabilities with biasness towards the visually impaired, the hearing impaired and the mobility impaired. A purposive sampling technique was employed and the sample size was fifty five (55) respondents composing of thirty one (31) librarians, six (6) visually impaired library users, sixteen (16) mobility impaired library users and two (2) hard hearing users. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedule. Data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively using descriptive statistics. The results were presented by use of percentages, frequency tables, bar graphs and pie-charts. The evidence emanating from the study strongly indicated that provision of library and information services in the four libraries to students with disabilities was largely characterized structural inadequacies, unskilled staff , and absence of internally formulated policy frameworks. In particular, the study revealed that the libraries had no sufficient facilities, resources and equipment such as the lifts, spacious ramps, Braille materials, hearing aids required by students with disabilities. Thus, the study concluded that the libraries do not have the needs of students with disabilities at heart. The study makes several recommendations for considerations to the research community, library decision makers, staff at the various library sections and to students with disabilities themselves.
Effect of Computer Assisted Teaching Strategy on Students Achievement by Gender in Agricultural Education in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya
(International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 2018-02-28) Muchiri, Joyline Mugero
Gender has remained relevant in education because it has been linked to achievement and participation in certain professions. Gender differences in achievement has been shown to vary according to school subject. This has partly been attributed to the teaching strategy adopted by the teacher. Computer Assisted Teaching (CAT) strategy is a method that uses computers in a learning media and strengthens student’s motivation and educational processes. Little or no information is known about the impact of the strategy in teaching agriculture and consequently it’s effect on achievement by gender. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether there is gender difference in achievement in agriculture among students exposed to CAT strategy. The study employed Solomon Four-Quasi-experimental design. The study was conducted in eight county secondary schools in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. Stratified random sampling technique was used in selecting sample schools. A sample of 327 Form One students participated in the study. The research instrument was Agriculture Achievement Test (AAT) with a reliability coefficient of 0.91. Descriptive statistics (means and percentages) and inferential statistic (ANOVA) were used for data analysis. The study showed that CAT strategy improved achievement in agriculture but male students performed better than female students after exposure to CAT strategy. The study concluded that CAT is an effective strategy in improving achievement in agriculture and therefore agriculture teachers should incorporate CAT strategy in their teaching.
Psychosocial issues reported in the Kenyan print media: a case study of Embu, Tharaka-Nithi and Meru counties
(International Journal of Social Science and Technology, 2018-03-02) Areri, George Manono; Mwiti, Kenneth Murungi
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are defined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, offer an opportunity to achieve the commitments on the prevention of most harmful psychosocial issues facing humanity in the twenty first century. This paper sought to identify and analyze the psychosocial challenges that can hinder the attainment of sustainable development in Embu, Tharaka-Nithi and Meru Counties. The study identified the psychosocial issues reported in the three Counties, the trends and types, their prevalence in each of the three counties per month, relevant policies in place, and their impact on development and recommended mitigation measures. The study used archival research method whereby data was collected from already existing records from two local dailies Daily Nation and The Standard newspapers1 for the period between June 2015 to June 2016. Psychosocial issues reported from the three counties were systematically recorded using written document analysis worksheet tool where issues were listed as per newspaper, date and county. Each of the reported psychosocial issue was analyzed as per thematic area. The trends in terms of types of psychosocial issues reported and frequency of occurrence was identified and analyzed per month and County. Discussion of findings related the theoretical explanations in literature to the psychosocial challenges reported in the three Counties. It is anticipated that the findings would be of interest to the County Governments of the said Counties and would help inform policy and County development planning.
Child Labor in Nona Region of Western Kenya and Implications on the Rights of Children: Critical Reflections
(2018-04) Sande, Anne
Child labour is a global problem and it is one of the obstacles in the achievement of international frameworks such as Sustainable Development Goals as well as national ones like vision 2030 in Kenya. It equally has caused death of about twenty two thousand children in the world annually. The malpractice is widespread and indicates a paradigm shift in the prevalence especially in developing countries whereby it causes negative consequences on sustainable community development. The overall objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of child labour in Vihiga, Kakamega, Busia and Bungoma in Nzoia region of Kenya. This was with specific interest on the dynamics currently caressing the child labour. This study used the descriptive survey design with a sample size of 500 people. The study population included household heads, caretakers, child labourers, entrepreneurs, farmers and Government officers who included teachers, health officers, security officers and chiefs. The samples were obtained using multistage, random, purposive and snowball sampling methods. The instruments used for primary data collection were; questionnaires, observation guides and key informant interviews. Secondary data was obtained from websites, documents from relevant government ministries and departments. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the study revealed that the overall prevalence of child labour in the four Counties was high (87%). The distribution of child labour was almost uniform across the four Counties however there were variations in the frequencies of types of child labour activities. Busia County had higher frequencies of child labour in; fishing, prostitution and entertainment: Kakamega County had higher frequencies in mining and street work: Vihiga County had higher frequencies in brick making and mining while Bungoma County had higher frequencies in entertainment. Although many studies indicate that the agricultural sector is the largest employer of child labourers, results of this study contradict by showing the commercial sector as the largest employer of child labourers in the region. It was also observed that the transport sector had attracted a significant number of child labourers. Factors that influence the high prevalence of child labour in these Counties were economic sectors, community types, peer influence, culture and economic status of families. It is hoped that understanding the ever changing paradigms of child labour will attract joint efforts by all stake holders not only in resolving the impasse but also pave way for achievement of both national and international declarations over the problem.
The Aftermath of the 2007/08 Post-Election Violence in Kenya and the Role of Religion
(American Research Institute for Policy Development, 2019-06) Kagema, Dickson Nkonge
War, violence and conflicts are the biggest hiccups to human development to date. In spite of the numerous calls for justice, reconciliation and peace as prerequisites for a stable society, political, religious and ethnic conflicts continue to hit many parts of the world. Africa is possibly the most affected continent by this anguish as some of her nations and people have not known peace for decades. In Kenya, for example, although there have been many conflicts since independence (1963), it was the 2007/2008 Post-election violence that proved rather challenging as its effects are felt to date. The disputed Presidential election results plunged the county into a serious crisis whose effects continue to wreck the country socially, politically and economically. For instance, memories of this conflict where many lives were lost, families displaced, women and girls suffered sexual violence and property destroyed reappear any time we have a national election, and this has seriously disintegrated the nation, thus affecting the development of the country as a whole. It is therefore an issue that must be seriously thought about by all stakeholders if at all any sustainable development has to be attained. In this regard, religion which still remains the most trusted institution in Kenya as in other parts of Africa must not stand at the periphery. Religion is the conscience of the society and as such the dominant religions in Kenya, namely Christianity (82.5%) and Islam (11%), have an indelible responsibility of bringing forth justice, peace and reconciliation among individuals and communities in Kenya so as to ensure that the country attains sustainable development.
A Gaze at the Place of the Female Figure in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Case of Zukiswa Wanner’s the Madams
(THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES, 2019-07) Dr. Kaburi Muriungi, Colomba
The black race was severely disadvantaged in apartheid South Africa. Specifically, black women were doubly disadvantaged; first by the color of their skin, and secondly, by lack of tangible income. History has shown that many black women in South Africa ended up working as maids in the white suburbs. This paper examines how Zukiswa Wanner, in The Madams, imagines new life for the female figure in post-apartheid South Africa, regardless of their race. The main argument in the paper is that, literature is used as a revolutionary tool in The Madams to imagine new South Africa and to propose ways of revising social injustices of the past. I examine the kind of characters that Wanner creates, the conditions under which these characters work, and the way she fashions a new conducive environment for survival in post-apartheid South Africa. Wanner demonstrates that the color divide has crossed a new bridge; resulting to new opportunities, new relations and new outlooks for the female figure. This therefore provides new insig
Efficacy Level of Therapeutic Counselling in Dealing with Anxiety Disorder among Adult Refugees: A Case of Dadaab Refugee Camp, Garissa County, Kenya.
(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2019-07) Mugambi, Lucy Kanyua; Mburugu, Beatrice M.
Kenya is a host to many refugees with majority located at Dadaab refugee camp which in the year 2011 was declared the largest refugee camp in the world. Most refugees in Dadaab camp are victims of disasters of political violence or war and drought especially from the war torn Somalia. The stressful experiences of the adult refugees throughout the migration period exposed them to emotional and psychological suffering that require therapeutic counselling. In Dadaab therapeutic counselling is mainly offered by five agencies. Despite the therapeutic counselling, anxiety disorder is prevalent at Dadaab refugee camp, hence the need to understand efficacy levels of therapeutic counselling. The purpose of this study was to investigate efficacy level of therapeutic counselling in dealing with anxiety disorder among adult refugees at Dadaab refugee camp. Ex post facto research design was adopted for the study. The target population was 164,356 adult refugees, section leaders and counsellors in charge of the counselling units. The two largest camps with an adult population of 94,619 were purposively selected. Adult refugees who had undergone therapeutic counselling were purposively selected after which simple random sampling was used to select those who took part in the study. The sample size consisted of 382 adult refugees comprising of 175 men and 207 women selected through proportionate sampling technique; 5 counsellors were purposively selected and 16 section leaders selected through simple random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, and Focus Group Discussions. The instruments were piloted in Dagahaley refugee camp. Questionnaires yielded a reliability coefficient of α = 0.811 which was determined using Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics which included frequencies, percentages, means, and t-test. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 facilitated analysis of data. The study established that therapeutic counselling was unsatisfactory in dealing with anxiety disorder. The findings of the study will assist the Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government, United Nations High Commission for Refugees, other international bodies and service providers in improving therapeutic counselling services. The researcher recommends that the counselling agencies should increase the number of counsellors and observe the 1951 convention on repatriation of refugees from Dadaab refugee camp.
Marking Identity through Language in Social Media Discourse by Chuka University Students
(ARC, 2019-08) Miriti, Gervasio; Dr. Karuri, Mary
Interaction via social media has gained popularity owing to the technological advancements that have affected the manner in which people communicate in the contemporary world. This paper is geared towards shedding light on the ways in which language is exploited by the University students to mark their identities through language in their social media discourse. Studies on social media discourse have largely been done in monolingual situations where texts written in one/single language have been analyzed. It was, therefore, necessary to carry out a study in multilingual situation where texts written in English, Kiswahili, Sheng (a Kenyan Pidgin) and local languages are analyzed. The study employed social identity theory in analyzing the data. Descriptive research design and qualitative technique were employed for data analysis. Both snowball and purposive sampling procedures were used. The study reveals that students mark their identities by converging in their messages through the use of special jargon, multimodality, and, simple syntactic structures. It was concluded that the students mark their identities by using language in a similar manner.
The Postcolonial Economic Ideology and the Construction of Gĩkũyũ Romance: An Analysis of Selected Gῖkũyũ Popular Songs
(THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES, 2019-09) Kangangi, Wanja Eunice; Muriungi, Colomba
This article is an analysis of the role played by the postcolonial economic ideology in the constr uction of modern Gῖkũyũ romance. The data for analysis is obtained from selected popular Gῖkũyũ songs. The songs have been selected using purposive sampling. The study has used qualitative research design and it is guided by postcolonial theory. Reflexive reading approach has also been employed as a technique of data analysis. The study has revealed that some of the economic factors that affect, influence and complicate the construction of Gῖkũyũ romance include;the growth of capitalistic money economy, education and unemployment, social class differences, the diaspora experience, urbanization, the culture of prostitution and the growth of technology. The growth of technology comprises of advanced communication agents such as the electronic media in the television, the mobile phone, the computer and the inter net. These factors affect, influence and complicate the construction of modern Gῖkũyũromance by either enhancing relationship stability or causing dysfunction and tragi-romance.
Gender Role Transformation in the Oil Mining Industry in Kenya: a Case Study of Lokichar, Turkana
(Center for Promoting Ideas, 2019-12) Shikuku, Caroline Khasoha; Mburugu, Prof Edward; Nungari, Dr Salim; Kabiru, Dr Joseph
The mining industry presents opportunities for economic development not only in Kenya but the entire world. There is hence need to involve women more to realize this development. The purpose of this paper is to analyze gender role transformation in the oil mining industry in Kenya. This paper is anchored on three theories; gender relations theory as the anchor theory, conflict theory and diffusion innovation theory. Desk review and various studies done in Kenya on Extractive Industry will inform this paper while anchoring on a recent study by the author of this paper. The study findings show that gender roles have been transformed as a result of oil mining. Additionally, oil mining has influenced changes in livelihoods for women but locals not aware of laws and policies dealing with gender in the oil mining industry. The paper recommends good will in implementation of gender policies and Affirmative Action.
Loss and grief counseling as a coping mechanism of widowhood: A comparative study of widowers and widows in Meru County Kenya
(academic Journals, 2020) Mburugu, Beatrice M.
Widowhood has been on increase globally and Kenya as nation is not exceptional. The state of widowhood globally has been made worse during this period of Corona Virus Disease which started in Wuhan in China in December 2019 (WHO, 2019). Losing a spouse through death is quite emotive and may affect the bereaved persons’ psychosocial wellbeing as well as coping mechanism. In Meru community of Kenya, few researches have been done on counselling as a coping mechanism of widowhood. The study’s main purpose was to determine how loss and grief counselling is used as a coping mechanism by comparing widowers and widows in Meru County Kenya. A descriptive survey was employed in the study where ex post facto’s causal-comparative research design was appropriately used. A total population of 80,332 widowed persons in Meru County was targeted. For comparison purposes, a total sample size of 384 respondents was used; half from each gender. Questionnaires and Focus Group Discussions were used to collect data from respondents based on gender. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. Widows sought for loss and grief counselling more at 61% than widowers at 47 % and from FGDs more than 70% and less than 20% respectively. From t-test results there was a statistically significant difference which favored widows than widowers in seeking for counselling services. In conclusion, the study findings may assist the widows and widowers to seek timely loss and grief counselling services as a positive coping mechanism.
A Gender Community Outreach for Girls Living in Vulnerable Contexts: Experiences from School Literacy Clubs in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya
(Allen Institute, 2020-05) Prof. K. Muriungi, Colomba; Dr. Andima, George
The Kenya Constitution (2010) has deliberately attempted to remedy the traditional exclusion of women and has promoted their full involvement in every aspect of growth and development. It is indeed true that when women have the freedom to reach their full potential, families and by extension communities experience exponential growth. Despite such efforts by the Kenyan government, young girls in rural Kenya continue to suffer and endure, gender exploitation and child labour due to poverty and lack of alternative means of livelihoods. Girls in some parts of Tharaka Nithi County suffer from poor access to education and health services caused by high poverty levels. Such levels of poverty and the patriarchal systems are responsible for the marginalization of girls on matters health and education in favour of the boy child. This paper presents the efforts made to empower girls in this context to voice their story through literacy clubs. Specifically, the paper discusses the girls’ use of literacy clubs to voice the challenges they face in their educational pursuit, the use of literacy clubs to voice the nature of discrimination they face and to empower and build their resilience. Data was collected from a sample of form one and two girls from five Sub-county schools in Tharaka Nithi County. The data collected was analysed qualitatively and the key themes in relation to the plight of girls in this context identified. The paper presents the research process, discusses the findings and key implications of the findings on the emancipation of the girl child at the local as well as the global scene.
INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL DYNAMICS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEDIA FRAMING AND THE PERCEPTION OF OBESITY AMONG MIDDLE-AGED WOMEN IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
(International Journal of Communication and Public Relation, 2021) Kahiga, Naomi; Mberia, Professor Hellen; Ngula, Dr. Kyalo Wa
Purpose:To assess the moderating influence of cultural dynamics on the relationship between media framing and the perception of obesity among middle-aged women in Nairobi County, Kenya.Methodology:This study applied the one-group pretest-posttest experimental design. In theone-group pretest-posttest experimental design all study participants provided with the same treatment and assessment. The researcher therefore, collected data using the pre-and posttest questionnaires. The treatment administered was a television program titled Slimpossible, which showcased middle-aged Kenyanwomen suffering from the stigma of obesity who wereparticipatingin a competition to lose their weight. The multi-stage cluster sampling techniquewas applied in this study. Out of the target population of 1848 participants, the study sample was 317 academic female staff found in three public universities in Nairobi County, Kenya.In this research study, the analysis applied descriptive statistics and the inferential analysis tools such as the Factor analysis (The Keiser-Meyer –Olkin (KMO) test), Pearson’s correlation coefficient and regression analysis (logical regression).Findings:The study sought toassess the moderating influence of cultural dynamics on the relationship between media framing and the perception of obesity amongmiddle-aged women in Nairobi County, Kenya. Therefore, thefinding also brought about interactions between cultural dynamics and the independent media frames in connection to the perception of obesity. It was concluded that the perception of obesity from the African culture and Western culture was different. The respondents had positive outlook on middle-aged obese women opposed to the dictates of Western culture. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy:In terms of contribution to theory, thisstudy emanated from the cross-cultural communication theory. The theory recognizes the value of culture and how it relates to people’s perception on obesity. Hurn and Tomalin (2013) opined that some of the most strategic researchers in the field of cross-cultural communication include Edward Hall, Mildred Hall and Geert Hofstede in the 1950s.
BEYOND THE RHETORIC THE CASE FOR THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF COMPREHENSIVE SEXUALITY EDUCATION IN KENYAN SCHOOLS
(European journal of social sciences studies, 2021) Kiswili, Keith
Comprehensive Sexuality Education remains one of the most controversial topics in global development discourse. Organizations such as UNESCO, WHO and UNICEF have championed for the institutionalization of CSE in countries across the globe, citing the relative merits of this education on young people. Kenya, like a lot of other countries has faced formidable opposition in the institutionalization of CSE with much of the opposition being spearheaded by religious groups and advocacy groups that posit that CSE would have negative consequences on young learners. This review sought to document the milestones that have defined the institutionalization of CSE by the Kenyan government and to establish the legal policy regimes that have informed the process. It also sought to highlight the barriers that have impeded the process and lastly, it endeavored to suggest ways which these impediments can be overcome. This review was a culmination of systematic analysis of the available literature on sex education in Kenya.

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