Social Sciences

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Adverse childhood experiences, adult anxiety and social capital among women in rural Kenya
(Elsevier, 2022) Goodman, Michael L.; Baker, Larissa; Maigallo, Agnes Karambu; Elliott, Aleisha; Keiser, Philip; Raimer-Goodman, Lauren
Hundreds of millions of people suffer anxiety disorders globally, demonstrating need for scalable and effective interventions. Adverse childhood experiences contribute to this mental health burden. The stress-buffering hypothesis, which posits social factors moderate prior adversity and subsequent mental health outcomes, provides one theoretical avenue to consider observations that group-based microfinance programs improve social capital. We investigate associations between adverse childhood experiences, generalized anxiety among adults and social capital associated with participation in a group-based microfinance program in rural Kenya. Adult participants (n=400 women) responded to standardized measures of childhood adversity in June 2018, group-affiliated social capital and generalized anxiety in June 2019. Cumulative adverse childhood experiences predicted higher anxiety, which was statistically moderated by the presence of group- affiliated interpersonal trust. This study is the first to find social capital associated with participation in a group-based microfinance program statistically moderates expected associations between adverse childhood experiences and adult generalized anxiety. Future study should be conducted using a cluster- randomized control design to further assess the potential of this intervention method to ameliorate associations between past adversity and current mental health.
The Aftermath of the 2007/08 Post-Election Violence in Kenya and the Role of Religion
(American Research Institute for Policy Development, 2019-06) Kagema, Dickson Nkonge
War, violence and conflicts are the biggest hiccups to human development to date. In spite of the numerous calls for justice, reconciliation and peace as prerequisites for a stable society, political, religious and ethnic conflicts continue to hit many parts of the world. Africa is possibly the most affected continent by this anguish as some of her nations and people have not known peace for decades. In Kenya, for example, although there have been many conflicts since independence (1963), it was the 2007/2008 Post-election violence that proved rather challenging as its effects are felt to date. The disputed Presidential election results plunged the county into a serious crisis whose effects continue to wreck the country socially, politically and economically. For instance, memories of this conflict where many lives were lost, families displaced, women and girls suffered sexual violence and property destroyed reappear any time we have a national election, and this has seriously disintegrated the nation, thus affecting the development of the country as a whole. It is therefore an issue that must be seriously thought about by all stakeholders if at all any sustainable development has to be attained. In this regard, religion which still remains the most trusted institution in Kenya as in other parts of Africa must not stand at the periphery. Religion is the conscience of the society and as such the dominant religions in Kenya, namely Christianity (82.5%) and Islam (11%), have an indelible responsibility of bringing forth justice, peace and reconciliation among individuals and communities in Kenya so as to ensure that the country attains sustainable development.
Assessing the capacity building programs pursued by university libraries in Meru County, Kenya
(Journal of Information Science and Knowledge Management, 2024-08-14) Faith Ntinyari Gitonga; Paul Maku Gichohi
Changing user demands require libraries to develop unique capabilities for supporting the delivery of quality teaching, learning, and research. This shift further requires librarians to develop competencies in handling emergent technologies, dissemination of information, scholarly communication, and strategy formulation. Nevertheless, there has been overreliance on conventional ways that have stifled innovation and creativity in most libraries raising questions on continuous training programs for information professionals. The purpose of the study was to assess capacity-building programs pursued by university libraries in Meru County. The study used a qualitative approach and employed a case study research design. The Technology Organization Environment Model guided the study. The unit of analysis was KeMU and MUST university libraries, unit of observation was 15 university library staff, specifically, 2 university library heads and 13 heads of library sections who were selected through the purposive sampling method. The study interviewed university librarians and conducted Focus Group Discussions [FGDs] with library heads of sections. The two FGDs comprised 5 and 7 participants in KeMU and MUST respectively. Validity of the instruments was ensured through conducting a pretest at Chuka University Library to appraise the dependability of interview and FGDs questions. One librarian and 2 library section heads participated. Data was analyzed using content analysis and thematic categorization. The study identified several capacity-building initiatives undertaken by libraries which included leadership training, customer care training, information retrieval skills development and training on reference management systems. This led to a conclusion that library staff were prepared to deliver quality services through a combination of skill enhancement. Notably, the study highlighted opportunities for library personnel to engage in ongoing professional development. It urges library management to organize seminars and workshops periodically to help its staff to keep abreast with latest developments and innovations in the field of library science.
Assessment of Seasonality on Performance of Star-Rated Beach Resorts in the Coastal Region of Kenya
(Science Publishing Group, 2022-09-21) Kwenga Japhet; Fwaya Erick; Davis Barasa
Hotel sector have bright vision for the growth of travel and tourism industry by providing the country’s economic growth. Despite increased efforts by the beach resorts managers and Government of Kenya to make them a driving force in achieving the national economic growth, they have continued to suffer from annual seasonal fluctuations in the volume of business due to tourism seasonality each with different expectations and demands. This paper assessed seasonality and performance of star-rated beach resorts in the coastal region of Kenya. Mixed method approach was used to do a cross- sectional survey. Questionnaires and interview schedule were used to collect data. Target population comprised of managers (23) and guests (586). Managers were purposively selected while guests were randomly sampled. Descriptive and inferential statistic were used to analyse quantitative data while qualitative data was analysed thematically. Results revealed high Standard Deviation (1.27), observed in October-December and April-July (1.8) while low Standard Deviation (0.51) was observed in April Easter week and December-March (0.85). Thus, a homogeneity of the responses that April Easter week and December- March are actually peak seasons interpreting to good performance. A number of factors were perceived to cause seasonality; internationally, climatic changes and travel patterns while domestically, holidays, religious festivals, sports and trade fairs. The study recommended extensive assessment on causes, impacts and effective management strategies to smoothen performance.
BEYOND THE RHETORIC THE CASE FOR THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF COMPREHENSIVE SEXUALITY EDUCATION IN KENYAN SCHOOLS
(European journal of social sciences studies, 2021) Kiswili, Keith
Comprehensive Sexuality Education remains one of the most controversial topics in global development discourse. Organizations such as UNESCO, WHO and UNICEF have championed for the institutionalization of CSE in countries across the globe, citing the relative merits of this education on young people. Kenya, like a lot of other countries has faced formidable opposition in the institutionalization of CSE with much of the opposition being spearheaded by religious groups and advocacy groups that posit that CSE would have negative consequences on young learners. This review sought to document the milestones that have defined the institutionalization of CSE by the Kenyan government and to establish the legal policy regimes that have informed the process. It also sought to highlight the barriers that have impeded the process and lastly, it endeavored to suggest ways which these impediments can be overcome. This review was a culmination of systematic analysis of the available literature on sex education in Kenya.
Beyond the Rhetoric: The Case for the Institutionalization of Comprehensive Sexuality Education in Kenyan Schools
(European Journal of Social Sciences Studies, 2021) Kiswili, K.
Comprehensive Sexuality Education remains one of the most controversial topics in global development discourse. Organizations such as UNESCO, WHO and UNICEF have championed for the institutionalization of CSE in countries across the globe, citing the relative merits of this education on young people. Kenya, like a lot of other countries has faced formidable opposition in the institutionalization of CSE with much of the opposition being spearheaded by religious groups and advocacy groups that posit that CSE would have negative consequences on young learners. This review sought to document the milestones that have defined the institutionalization of CSE by the Kenyan government and to establish the legal policy regimes that have informed the process. It also sought to highlight the barriers that have impeded the process and lastly, it endeavored to suggest ways which these impediments can be overcome. This review was a culmination of systematic analysis of the available literature on sex education in Kenya.
Breaking the Criminogenic Cycle: Exploring Parental Influences on Juvenile Delinquency in Nairobi and Mombasa Counties, Kenya
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE, 2024-08-17) Lumadede Japheth; Dr. Charles Mwirigi.; 2Dr. Nyachoti W. Otiso,
There has been a rise in juvenile delinquency worldwide, particularly in developing countries such as Kenya. Failures in interventions point to the possible inefficacy of the measures, misdiagnosis, or scanty analysis of the security problem. This was precipitated by mixed results and insufficient documented research. There has been therefore a need to comprehensively confirm, analyze, and document the relationships between various criminogenic situational predictors and juvenile delinquency in Kenya. The purpose of this study thus was to examine the relationship between parental characteristics and juvenile delinquency in Nairobi and Mombasa counties in Kenya. For this purpose, the researcher hypothesized that there is no statistically significant predictive relationship between parental characteristics and juvenile delinquency in Nairobi and Mombasa counties. This was both evaluated on both non-delinquents and delinquents to establish clear relations. The study was anchored on Social Learning theory. The study adopted a Concurrent Nested mixed-method Research approach with a qualitative component being embedded in a quantitative Causal-Comparative Research Design. The target population of the study was 2,908,950 juveniles in the two counties. The accessible population was 235,861 respondents, out of which a sample of 400 was drawn, from which the researcher got 360, a response rate of 90%. The researcher drew the sample using a disproportionate stratified random sampling thus ensuring representation of both delinquents and non-delinquents in each county. The delinquent population entailed both delinquents who had committed minor violations and delinquents who had committed serious violations. Delinquents who had committed serious violations were drawn from borstal institutions, while those who had committed minor violations were drawn from the Probation Department. The non-delinquents were drawn from county secondary schools in each of the counties. Random sampling was done using the Excel data analysis tool pack. In addition, 12 respondents were selected purposively from the authorities dealing with children matters, 6 from each county. The total sample size attained was thus 372 respondents. A face-to-face interview questionnaire and an in-depth key informant interview schedule were the main instruments of data collection. Binary logistic regression was conducted on the quantitative data at a 95% confidence interval (CI) and a p-value < 0.05 considered significant with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 software. Thematic content analysis was conducted on the qualitative data with the help of Max. Qda software. The odds ratio indicates that when holding all other variables constant, a child is 7.2 times more likely to turn out delinquent with poor parental characteristics than turn out non-delinquent. Therefore, employing a .05 criterion of statistical significance, the null hypothesis was thus rejected because the findings show a statistically significant predictive relationship between parental characteristics and juvenile delinquency. The findings of this study will be useful to the government, academia, policy actors as well as parents in developing crime prevention policies, contributing to theory and literature, informing on better family management practices, and informing effective tailoring of relevant social policies respectively.
Challenges of accessing library and information services for Persons with disabilities in university libraries in Meru county, Kenya
(International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 2018) Onsinyo, Charity Nyaboke
Despite the availability of library and information services in University libraries, the services are not accessible and optimally utilized and benefited by persons with disabilities (PWDs). This is because the typical library favors the able-bodied patrons more. Therefore, this study sought to find out challenges that Persons with Disabilities in University libraries in Meru County faced in accessing library and information services and to present practical solutions that were appropriate to the situation. The researcher adopted descriptive survey design. The study targeted four (4) University Libraries in Meru County. The study population comprised of all professionally trained librarians from the selected universities and all library users with disabilities with biasness towards the visually impaired, the hearing impaired and the mobility impaired. A purposive sampling technique was employed and the sample size was fifty five (55) respondents composing of thirty one (31) librarians, six (6) visually impaired library users, sixteen (16) mobility impaired library users and two (2) hard hearing users. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedule. Data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively using descriptive statistics. The results were presented by use of percentages, frequency tables, bar graphs and pie-charts. The evidence emanating from the study strongly indicated that provision of library and information services in the four libraries to students with disabilities was largely characterized structural inadequacies, unskilled staff , and absence of internally formulated policy frameworks. In particular, the study revealed that the libraries had no sufficient facilities, resources and equipment such as the lifts, spacious ramps, Braille materials, hearing aids required by students with disabilities. Thus, the study concluded that the libraries do not have the needs of students with disabilities at heart. The study makes several recommendations for considerations to the research community, library decision makers, staff at the various library sections and to students with disabilities themselves.
Challenges to Women’s Participation in Elective Political Leadership; Evidence from Meru County, Kenya
(Journal of Frontiers of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2024-09-08) Mwirigi Muriungi Paul; Kanake Kananu Mercy; Kiboro Nkonge Christopher; Mucece Kithinji Caroline1
Women participation in elective political leadership is gaining traction with many nations seeing women holding political leadership positions in high offices. However, in most African societies, women participation in elective political leadership is still worryingly low. Therefore, this study investigates the challenges faced by women seeking elective political leadership in Meru County, Kenya. The research used a descriptive design, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. The study collected data from 341 registered voters and 16 key informants, using structured questionnaires for quantitative and interviews for qualitative data. The study utilized SPSS version 24 for quantitative data analysis to examine challenges related to electoral participation and their impact on women's political leadership, using frequencies and means and regression analysis respectively. Thematic codes were extracted using NVIVO 14 software to identify recurring themes. The study established that sociocultural, political intimidation and economic challenges are most prevalent and significantly affected women's elective leadership aspirations in Meru County. Social cultural challenges had a negative influence on women participation in elective leadership in Meru County (β=-0.405, p<0.001). Similarly, political interference had a negative and significant influence on women participation in elective leadership (β=- 0.319, p<0.001). However, the influence of economic challenges though negative, had no significant effect on women elective leadership participation (β=-0.031, p>0.05). The study reveals that while women in Meru can significantly contribute to the county's development through elective leadership, they face socially constructed challenges, emphasizing the need for political stakeholders to address these issues for full women's inclusion in decision-making.
Child Labor in Nona Region of Western Kenya and Implications on the Rights of Children: Critical Reflections
(2018-04) Sande, Anne
Child labour is a global problem and it is one of the obstacles in the achievement of international frameworks such as Sustainable Development Goals as well as national ones like vision 2030 in Kenya. It equally has caused death of about twenty two thousand children in the world annually. The malpractice is widespread and indicates a paradigm shift in the prevalence especially in developing countries whereby it causes negative consequences on sustainable community development. The overall objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of child labour in Vihiga, Kakamega, Busia and Bungoma in Nzoia region of Kenya. This was with specific interest on the dynamics currently caressing the child labour. This study used the descriptive survey design with a sample size of 500 people. The study population included household heads, caretakers, child labourers, entrepreneurs, farmers and Government officers who included teachers, health officers, security officers and chiefs. The samples were obtained using multistage, random, purposive and snowball sampling methods. The instruments used for primary data collection were; questionnaires, observation guides and key informant interviews. Secondary data was obtained from websites, documents from relevant government ministries and departments. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the study revealed that the overall prevalence of child labour in the four Counties was high (87%). The distribution of child labour was almost uniform across the four Counties however there were variations in the frequencies of types of child labour activities. Busia County had higher frequencies of child labour in; fishing, prostitution and entertainment: Kakamega County had higher frequencies in mining and street work: Vihiga County had higher frequencies in brick making and mining while Bungoma County had higher frequencies in entertainment. Although many studies indicate that the agricultural sector is the largest employer of child labourers, results of this study contradict by showing the commercial sector as the largest employer of child labourers in the region. It was also observed that the transport sector had attracted a significant number of child labourers. Factors that influence the high prevalence of child labour in these Counties were economic sectors, community types, peer influence, culture and economic status of families. It is hoped that understanding the ever changing paradigms of child labour will attract joint efforts by all stake holders not only in resolving the impasse but also pave way for achievement of both national and international declarations over the problem.
Effect of Computer Assisted Teaching Strategy on Students Achievement by Gender in Agricultural Education in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya
(International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 2018-02-28) Muchiri, Joyline Mugero
Gender has remained relevant in education because it has been linked to achievement and participation in certain professions. Gender differences in achievement has been shown to vary according to school subject. This has partly been attributed to the teaching strategy adopted by the teacher. Computer Assisted Teaching (CAT) strategy is a method that uses computers in a learning media and strengthens student’s motivation and educational processes. Little or no information is known about the impact of the strategy in teaching agriculture and consequently it’s effect on achievement by gender. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether there is gender difference in achievement in agriculture among students exposed to CAT strategy. The study employed Solomon Four-Quasi-experimental design. The study was conducted in eight county secondary schools in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. Stratified random sampling technique was used in selecting sample schools. A sample of 327 Form One students participated in the study. The research instrument was Agriculture Achievement Test (AAT) with a reliability coefficient of 0.91. Descriptive statistics (means and percentages) and inferential statistic (ANOVA) were used for data analysis. The study showed that CAT strategy improved achievement in agriculture but male students performed better than female students after exposure to CAT strategy. The study concluded that CAT is an effective strategy in improving achievement in agriculture and therefore agriculture teachers should incorporate CAT strategy in their teaching.
Effect of Institutional Digital Repository Information Services on Utilisation of Library Resources by Postgraduate Students at Selected University Libraries in Kenya
(Edin burg, 2024-08-09) Pauline Masaa Kavila1 , Paul Maku Gichohi2 & Faith Mwendwa Mwiti 3
Purpose: Every year, Kenya does local studies worth billions of shillings, which are rarely disseminated outside of the institutions' office drawers and library shelves. Therefore, research findings should be shared for advancement right away. Institutional repositories are a significant recent development in the field of research exchange within libraries. Effective utilization of these services is essential for postgraduate students to access relevant resources, expand their knowledge, and complete quality research projects. However, gaps in the use of information services by postgraduate students have been observed, indicating the need for a deeper understanding of their usage patterns, preferences, and challenges. This study examines how postgraduate students in selected Kenyan universities utilise institutional digital repositories to support their academic needs. Methods: The study was grounded in the Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DIT) focusing on 2,452 individuals - 2,372 postgraduate students and 80 librarians from the University of Embu, Kenya Methodist University, Kirinyaga University, Meru University of Science and Technology, and Chuka University. A random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 493 respondents, including 475 postgraduate students and 18 librarians. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaires for students and interviews with selected librarians to provide both quantitative and qualitative insights. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, while qualitative data was presented narratively. Results: Findings revealed that digital repository services (β=0.109, p < 0.05) had significant positive effects on library utilization. Conclusion: The study concludes that Digital Institutional Repositories (DIRs) are essential in supporting postgraduate students' effective use of library services. It recommends the university management together with the ICT department should ensure the provision of reliable internet connectivity to facilitate the seamless use of digital resources, Initiative for regular training and workshops should be organised by the library administration. To provide librarians with knowledge of digital resources, information services, and efficient user support and service delivery. Additionally, Librarians should create more awareness of DIR functionalities among postgraduate students to maximize their engagement and benefit from these resources.
Effect of Institutional Digital Repository Information Services on Utilisation of Library Resources by Postgraduate Students at Selected University Libraries in Kenya
(EdinBurg Peer Reviewed Journals and Books Publishers, 2024-11-08) Pauline Masaa Kavila; Paul Maku Gichohi; Faith Mwendwa Mwiti
Purpose: Every year, Kenya does local studies worth billions of shillings, which are rarely disseminated outside of the institutions' office drawers and library shelves. Therefore, research findings should be shared for advancement right away. Institutional repositories are a significant recent development in the field of research exchange within libraries. Effective utilization of these services is essential for postgraduate students to access relevant resources, expand their knowledge, and complete quality research projects. However, gaps in the use of information services by postgraduate students have been observed, indicating the need for a deeper understanding of their usage patterns, preferences, and challenges. This study examines how postgraduate students in selected Kenyan universities utilise institutional digital repositories to support their academic needs. Methods: The study was grounded in the Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DIT) focusing on 2,452 individuals - 2,372 postgraduate students and 80 librarians from the University of Embu, Kenya Methodist University, Kirinyaga University, Meru University of Science and Technology, and Chuka University. A random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 493 respondents, including 475 postgraduate students and 18 librarians. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaires for students and interviews with selected librarians to provide both quantitative and qualitative insights. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, while qualitative data was presented narratively. Results: Findings revealed that digital repository services (β=0.109, p < 0.05) had significant positive effects on library utilization. Conclusion: The study concludes that Digital Institutional Repositories (DIRs) are essential in supporting postgraduate students' effective use of library services. It recommends the university management together with the ICT department should ensure the provision of reliable internet connectivity to facilitate the seamless use of digital resources, Initiative for regular training and workshops should be organised by the library administration. To provide librarians with knowledge of digital resources, information services, and efficient user support and service delivery. Additionally, Librarians should create more awareness of DIR functionalities among postgraduate students to maximize their engagement and benefit from these resources.
Efficacy Level of Therapeutic Counselling in Dealing with Anxiety Disorder among Adult Refugees: A Case of Dadaab Refugee Camp, Garissa County, Kenya.
(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2019-07) Mugambi, Lucy Kanyua; Mburugu, Beatrice M.
Kenya is a host to many refugees with majority located at Dadaab refugee camp which in the year 2011 was declared the largest refugee camp in the world. Most refugees in Dadaab camp are victims of disasters of political violence or war and drought especially from the war torn Somalia. The stressful experiences of the adult refugees throughout the migration period exposed them to emotional and psychological suffering that require therapeutic counselling. In Dadaab therapeutic counselling is mainly offered by five agencies. Despite the therapeutic counselling, anxiety disorder is prevalent at Dadaab refugee camp, hence the need to understand efficacy levels of therapeutic counselling. The purpose of this study was to investigate efficacy level of therapeutic counselling in dealing with anxiety disorder among adult refugees at Dadaab refugee camp. Ex post facto research design was adopted for the study. The target population was 164,356 adult refugees, section leaders and counsellors in charge of the counselling units. The two largest camps with an adult population of 94,619 were purposively selected. Adult refugees who had undergone therapeutic counselling were purposively selected after which simple random sampling was used to select those who took part in the study. The sample size consisted of 382 adult refugees comprising of 175 men and 207 women selected through proportionate sampling technique; 5 counsellors were purposively selected and 16 section leaders selected through simple random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, and Focus Group Discussions. The instruments were piloted in Dagahaley refugee camp. Questionnaires yielded a reliability coefficient of α = 0.811 which was determined using Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics which included frequencies, percentages, means, and t-test. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 facilitated analysis of data. The study established that therapeutic counselling was unsatisfactory in dealing with anxiety disorder. The findings of the study will assist the Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government, United Nations High Commission for Refugees, other international bodies and service providers in improving therapeutic counselling services. The researcher recommends that the counselling agencies should increase the number of counsellors and observe the 1951 convention on repatriation of refugees from Dadaab refugee camp.
Ensuring Long-Term Viability: A Proposed Framework for Institutional Repository Sustainability
(Journal of Arts and Humanities, 2024-09-15) Onsinyo Charity Nyaboke, Richard Guto
Universities in developing countries are faced with the challenge of accessing scholarly information to support their research and teaching mandate (Ammarukleart 2017:16; Saina 2022:1). The increased cost of academic publications like books and journals, the significant growth in the overall volume of research, and the long latency in the traditional print publications paradigm have affected research and teaching in institutions of higher learning (Ukwoma and Dike 2017; Saini 2018). As such, institutional repositories (IRs) are developing as vehicles to possibly support universities achieve their roles (Jain, Bentley & Oladiran 2016; Wesolek 2016: xv) An IR is defined as a digital archive of intellectual output created by the faculty, research, staff and student of an institution of higher learning and accessible to end users both within and outside of the institution with few if any barrier to access (Lynch 2003; Murugathas & Balasooriya 2014; Jain et al 2015; Demetres, Delgado & Wright 2020). These digital documents consist of all electronic publications such as thesis, journals, books and conference papers (Okumu 2015; Kodua 2020).
Ensuring Long-Term Viability: A Proposed Framework for Institutional Repository Sustainability.
(Great Journs, 2024-09-23) Onsinyo Charity Nyaboke; Richard Guto
Universities in developing countries are faced with the challenge of accessing scholarly information to support their research and teaching mandate (Ammarukleart 2017:16; Saina 2022:1). The increased cost of academic publications like books and journals, the significant growth in the overall volume of research, and the long latency in the traditional print publications paradigm have affected research and teaching in institutions of higher learning (Ukwoma and Dike 2017; Saini 2018). As such, institutional repositories (IRs) are developing as vehicles to possibly support universities achieve their roles (Jain, Bentley & Oladiran 2016; Wesolek 2016: xv) An IR is defined as a digital archive of intellectual output created by the faculty, research, staff and student of an institution of higher learning and accessible to end users both within and outside of the institution with few if any barrier to access (Lynch 2003; Murugathas & Balasooriya 2014; Jain et al 2015; Demetres, Delgado & Wright 2020). These digital documents consist of all electronic publications such as thesis, journals, books and conference papers (Okumu 2015; Kodua 2020). Despite an increase in the adoption of IRs globally, there is a growing concern regarding the sustainability of OAIRs (Burns et al. 2013; Nkiko, Bolu & Chijioke 2014; Francke, Gamalielsson, & Lundell 2017). Like all new ICT driven innovations, maintenance and running cost, perceptions or attitudes towards change or innovations, ICT infrastructure, content quality, institutional policies, copyright, and skill sets or competencies of personnel have been identified as critical to the sustenance of IRs (Corletey 2011; Thompson et al 2016; Martin-Yeboah et al 2018; Anyaoku et al 2019). This paper presents a model for the sustainability of IRs, aiming to address the various challenges that threaten their long-term viability. By exploring the essential elements that contribute to sustainability, the proposed model offers a comprehensive framework that institutions can adopt and adapt to their specific needs.
Equipping Lay Leaders for Christian Ministry in the Anglican Church of Kenya through Theological Education by Extension
(Missionalia: Southern African Journal of Missiology, 0001-05-21) Kiarie,George and Mwangi,Mary
The mission of ecclesia is to empower and equip its leaders for Christian ministry. This has been possible through theological education, particularly for the ordained ministry. Though laity form a substantial number in the Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK) ecclesiastical context, they are theologically ill-equipped for Christian ministry despite their integral roles in pastoral and administrative functions in their respective local congregations. The article was informed by both empirical and non-empirical data drawn from the ACK diocese of Thika in 2020. The data was derived from 11 questionnaires where two former diocesan Theological Education by Extension (TEE) co-ordinators and nine Archdeaconry TEE facilitators in the diocese of Thika were engaged. Archival documents from the diocese and review of literature also enriched the study. The study’s findings show that the success of the 21st century ecclesia solely depends on how thoroughly the lay leaders are empowered and equipped theologically through TEE.
Evaluation of micronutrients in seeds of Pumpkin varieties grown by smallholder farmers in the Lake Victoria Basin
(2013-12) Peter, Echessa A.C. 1; Nyambaka, Hudson1 ,; Ondigi, N. Alice2 ,; Omuterema, Stanley3 ,; Toili, William3 ,; Afihini, S. M. Ijani4; Sande, Anne5
This study shows micronutrients malnutrition and its devastating effects taking toll of the world, affecting over two billion of its population. Measures have been put in place that includes supplementation, fortification and bio fortification among others. Utilization of indigenous crops are known to be nutritious and are acceptable among the communities mainly, developing countries favours the later method. The micronutrient levels in pumpkin seeds of six varieties, cultivated in four districts within the Lake Victoria Basin, East Africa were determined. This was with a view to establish if any significant differences existed between the varieties as well as set the background upon which the better varieties should be improved. The results showed levels of moisture (11.62-26.23 mg /100 g), βcarotene (0.02-0.42 mg /100 g), thiamine (0.19-0.54 mg /100 g), niacin (0.43-1.03 mg /100 g) and pyridoxine (0.13-0.26 mg /100 g), zinc (3.73-9.70 mg /100 g) and selenium (5.43-11.07 µg /100 g) significantly differed (p < 0.05). The varieties evaluated did not show significant differences in vitamin C, α-tocopherol and iron. The carnival squash (C. maxima) seeds, generally exhibited better levels of most micronutrients among the varieties sampled. Specifically however, bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) samples showed higher levels of selenium, while butternut (C. moschata) seeds had high levels of zinc (9.70 mg /100 g) and green kabacha (Cucurbita pepo) the B complex vitamins. With sufficient nutritional education and purposefull improvement of the better varieties through breeding, pumpkin seeds can go along way as an alternative path for bio fortification as a method of fighting micronutrients malnutrition.
Evaluation of Training Programmes: A Review of Selected Models and Approaches
(Finesse Publishing Ltd, 2021) Kitivo, E. M.; Kanga, A.; Mbae, J.
Evaluation is a critical requirement of any programme implementation process. It is estimated that over the last fifty years, over sixty models or approaches of evaluation have been developed. 7e main objective of this paper is to review selected evaluation models with the view to distinguish their underlying assumptions and processes and assess their strengths and weaknesses and implications for application. Specifically, the paper examines first, the various definitions of educational evaluation to clarify understanding of the concept and secondly, it explores the role and benefits of evaluation in the successful implementation of educational programmes. 7irdly it reviews three commonly used approaches to educational evaluation namely: - Context, Input, Process and Product (CIPP) Evaluation Model; 7e Consumer- Oriented Model, and the Utilization-Focused Evaluation Model. 7e paper argues that models of evaluation are critical in programme implementation. It concludes that educators need be versatile with various approaches to evaluation and apply them with due consideration to the given circumstances. It recommends the need to carefully select an evaluation model that fits a given situation in programme implementation.
Evaluation of Training Programmes: A Review of Selected Models and Approaches.
(Finesse Publishing Ltd, 2021) Kitivo, E. M.; Mbae, J.; Kanga, A.
Evaluation is a critical requirement of any programme implementation process. It is estimated that over the last fifty years, over sixty models or approaches of evaluation have been developed. 7e main objective of this paper is to review selected evaluation models with the view to distinguish their underlying assumptions and processes and assess their strengths and weaknesses and implications for application. Specifically, the paper examines first, the various definitions of educational evaluation to clarify understanding of the concept and secondly, it explores the role and benefits of evaluation in the successful implementation of educational programmes. 7irdly it reviews three commonly used approaches to educational evaluation namely: - Context, Input, Process and Product (CIPP) Evaluation Model; 7e Consumer- Oriented Model, and the Utilization-Focused Evaluation Model. 7e paper argues that models of evaluation are critical in programme implementation. It concludes that educators need be versatile with various approaches to evaluation and apply them with due consideration to the given circumstances. It recommends the need to carefully select an evaluation model that fits a given situation in programme implementation.

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