Business Administration

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Effect of Service Reliability on Customer Loyalty to Supermarkets in Meru County, Kenya
(Chuka University, 2022) Nyaga, J.W.; Nkari, I. M.; Otiso, H.
Although supermarkets in Meru have launched quality customer service programs aimed at ensuring customer loyalty to the supermarkets, their effect has not been evaluated. Supermarkets therefore risk losing loyal customers to online and other platforms. Increased interest in service quality is mostly motivated by understanding that the outcome of customer loyalty is as a result of better service quality. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of service reliability on customer loyalty to supermarkets. A descriptive research design was adopted. The target population was the 4140 Meru County Government staff who visit the 36 supermarkets in Meru County. A sample of 364 shoppers was picked using simple random sampling technique. The study employed a questionnaire to collect primary data which was collected by the help of a questionnaire. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics was utilized with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26. Multiple linear regression model was employed in analyzing data and the hypotheses was tested at 5% level of significance. The findings of the study were then presented in form of tables, figures and equations. There was a positive significant effect of service reliability on service quality with regression coefficient of 1.153 and a p=0.000. It is anticipated that the findings of the study will help the management of supermarkets to devise strategies geared towards increasing loyalty for the stores and hence increasing their profitability.
Effect of Liquidity Risk on Shareholders’ Wealth in Commercial Banks Listed at The Nairobi Securities Exchange
(Chuka University, 2022) Mogusu, M.; Nkari, I. M.; Wabwire, J. M.
Shareholders’ wealth is among key decisions in a firm because it has a bearing on overall investor perception and firm value. There has been concern about declining value of shareholders’ wealth among commercial banks listed at the Nairobi Security Exchange (NSE). Previous studies have linked financial risk to shareholders’ wealth. Researchers however fail to agree on the magnitude and direction of the effect. It is not established how liquidity risk would affect shareholders’ wealth of commercial banks listed at the NSE. The objective of this study was to establish the effect of Liquidity risk on Shareholders’ wealth of Commercial Banks listed at the NSE. Descriptive research design was adopted. The target population was eleven commercial banks that had been constantly listed at the NSE from 2013-2019. A census was conducted to collect data from the eleven banks due to the smallness of the population. Data was collected using a checklist. Data was obtained from published financial statements and the Banking survey publications for seven years from 2013 to 2019. Data was analyzed using simple and multiple regression analysis with the help of SPSS version 25.0. Hypothesis was tested using t-statistic at 5% significance level. The study found that liquidity risk had a negative effect on shareholders’ wealth (regression coefficient -0.556, p-value of 0.023). Firms that have high liquidity have more cash flow and are able to take investment opportunities and hence increase shareholders’ value. Commercial banks should come up with ways of minimizing this risk.
Influence of Innovativeness On the Performance Of Food and Beverage Manufacturing Enterprises In Nairobi City County
(International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 2023-03-05) Teresa Muthoni Thuita1 , Dr. Gilbert Mugambi Miriti2 and Dr. Rael Nkatha Mwirigi3
Increase in global competition, ever-changing technologies and unstable business environment as a result of globalization, market liberalization and Covid 19 impact on businesses, have made firms search for other means of survival and growth. Food and beverage manufacturing enterprises are also experiencing these challenges. This is demonstrated by the decrease in contribution to GDP, ranging from 13.6% in the early 1990s to 7.6% in 2020, thereby raising doubt on whether the sector is capable to meet the goals of Vision 2030. Different studies around the world have suggested the adoption of entrepreneurial practices as part of the solution. However, the findings of these studies have been inconclusive. The objective of this study was to establish the influence of Innovativeness on performance of food and beverage manufacturing enterprises in Nairobi City County. Descriptive survey research design was adopted. The target population was one hundred and thirty-eight food and beverage manufacturing firms registered under KAM by 2020. A census was conducted and data was obtained using a questionnaire. Data was analyzed using simple and multiple regression analysis with the help of SPSS version 25.0. Hypothesis was tested using t-statistic at 5% significance level. The study found that innovativeness had a positive influence on performance (regression coefficient 0.446, p-value of 0.000). The study recommends that firms should assess their ability to embrace new ideas and processes that will lead to development of new products, services, markets or technologies. Innovativeness plays an essential role in doing away with challenges associated with businesses.
Influences of Technological Competencies and Environmental Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility On Consumer Brand Preference
(International Journal of Business Management and Economic Review, 2023-08-20) Richard Mwenda Mate1 , France Aloyce Shayo2 and Isaac Micheni Nkari3
The broad objective of this study was to establish the moderating effect of technological competencies on the relationship between environmental practices of corporate social responsibility and consumer brand preference for mobile phone services in Kenya. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings suggest that technological competencies significantly moderate the relationship between environmental practices of corporate social responsibility and customer brand preference. These findings call for continuous involvement of mobile phone service companies in corporate social responsibility practices as it positively influences consumer brand preference. Future research should aim at establishing contextual and geographical differences in consumer preferences by targeting other countries with different social economic conditions.
Effect of corporate risk management disclosure on financial performance of non-financial service firms listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya
(Int. J. Business Continuity and Risk Management, 2017) Gatimbu, Karambu Kiende; Kimathi,Henry; Wabwire, Joseph Masinde
The Kenyan investment community and other stakeholders lag behind America, Europe and Australia in terms of their willingness and ability to cross-examine sustainability reports for risk and financial modelling. This study consequently aimed at assessing the effect of corporate risk management disclosure on financial performance of listed firms in Kenya. Content analysis of sampled listed companies’ annual reports was undertaken to examine risk management disclosure practices. Casual research design was employed to determine the cause-effect relationship between risk management disclosure and financial performance. Target population of the study was 61 listed companies. The sample size was 32 listed companies. Coefficient of skewness was used to test the normality of data. Homoscedasticity and auto-correlation assumptions of the regression model were tested. Risk disclosure was found to have a positive but with no significant difference on mean financial performance. However, there is a strong significant relationship between risk disclosure and financial performance.
Effectiveness of Commercial Banks’ Strategies on the Frequency of Customers’ ATM Card Usage: A Case of Commercial Banks in Embu West District, Kenya
(International Journal of Accounting, Finance and Risk Management, 2017-10-26) Simiyu, Justo Masinde
The emergence of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) has caused the greatest transformation in the banking industry. Its introduction significantly revolutionized the practice of banking by availing accessibility on a 24-hour day basis and reducing substantially the number of bank tellers. Despite this transformation and 23 years after the first ATM was introduced in Kenya, the ATMs have not achieved full adoption. The ATM usage stands at 13.4% nationally. This study therefore sought to explore the effectiveness of strategies applied by commercial banks in Kenya so as to achieve the full adoption of ATMs by customers. The exploratory research design was used in this study with a target population of 128,458 bank customers. Stratified random sampling was used to get a sample size of 384 bank customers and census survey was conducted for the 8 bank managers in the 8 commercial banks of Embu West district. Data collection was done using two sets of questionnaires; one for the bank managers and another one for the bank customers. The tools were pre-tested at Chuka town in Meru South district on 19 bank customers and 4 bank managers. The pre-test obtained a reliability coefficient of 0.7483 on customers’ questionnaire and 0.7128 on bank managers’ questionnaire. The two set of questionnaires were thus considered reliable because the reliability coefficient exceeded 0.70. Data analysis was done using the descriptive and inferential statistics. The results obtained from the study implied that commercial banks’ strategies of accessibility, security, cost reduction, advertising, added benefits and market segmentation were significant in influencing customer usage of ATM cards. These findings would be useful in strategy evaluation by bank managers in improving the management of the ATM delivery channels.
Value Based Customer Relationship Management and Satisfaction of Commercial Banks’ Account Holders in Kenya
(Kenya. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,, 2018-05-29) Mwirigi,Rael Nkatha; Maina,Samuel; Kimencu, Linda
Customer satisfaction is a dynamic parameter for measuring business organizational success. As a modern measure for service quality, it ensures investment in development of customer focused management strategies such as value based CRM. Globally, value based CRM has been applied in the banking sector to enhance service quality and the resultant customer satisfaction which increases competitiveness, customer retention, loyalty and profitability. Despite implementation of value based CRM programs by commercial banks to increase satisfaction of account holders, customers continue to be dissatisfied with banking services. Customized services, personalized communication and complainant management are value based challenges that commercial banks have to manage in order to remain profitable and competitive. The specific objective of this study was to establish the effect of value based CRM on satisfaction of commercial banks account holders in Kenya. This study covered all commercial banks registered by Central Bank of Kenya and focused on headquarters of the banks. A sample of 400 respondents was selected from a target population of 28,324,334 account holders. This study used multiple regression analysis to establish the relationship between study variables. The study established that value based CRM had a significant positive linear relationship explaining 40.9% (R2 = 0.409) variation in satisfaction of commercial banks account holders in Kenya. Based on the findings, the study recommends that commercial banks should invest more in value based CRM strategies such as customized products and services, personalized communication and complaint management because they have a significant effect on account holder satisfaction. This study, further recommends that commercial banks should address value based CRM challenges relating to service customization, personalized communication and complaint handling which significantly affect satisfaction with banking services and profitability.
Effect of Financial Leverage on Profitability of Firms Listed in the Nairobi Securities Exchange
(International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 2017-07-07) Olang’, Margret
Financial leverage is the use of fixed charge sources of funds to finance the firms’ investment projects. A levered firm is a firm that employs debt in its capital structure. Excessive use of debt is likely to expose the firm to financial risk hence insolvency. Therefore, a firm should maintain an optimal capital structure that will minimise the overall cost of capital. This study sought to establish the effect of financial leverage on the profitability of firms listed in the NSE. Causal research design was employed on the target population of 66 listed firms. Purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 30 listed firms. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics was used to test for normality of data. Inferential statistics on the data were done using regression model. The study established that, firm size has a statistically significant effect on the profitability of listed firms with p value of 0.002. Liquidity and growth opportunity on the other hand were not statistically significant indicating p values of 0.062 and 0.914 respectively. This means they have no significant effect on the profitability of firms listed in the NSE.
The impact of adopting computerized accounting information systems for effective Management of accounting transactions in public institutions
(International Journal of Research in Computer Application & Management, 2013-03) Nyangara, Duncan Momanyi; Motindi, Thomas Mochoge
This study sought to find out the impact of Computerized Accounting Information Systems in the quality of accounting information produced, the impact of adoption of Computerized Accounting Information Systems on performance in the accounting department, the effectiveness of Computerized Accounting Information Systems in detection of errors and fraud in public institutions and also how far have public institutions have adopted Computerized Accounting Information System in carrying out accounting transactions and managing them. The findings of the study were intended to help managers in public institutions how to manage accounting transactions to derive maximum benefits from these accounting transactions as a way of achieving organizational goals and to be used by those who are interested to carry out research in the line of accounting transactions management. The research took place in Kenya School of Government where managers and all staff members who are involved in the management of accounting transactions were used as the target population. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS software version 12. The findings showed that majority of those who are involved in the management of accounting transactions understand what the management of accounting transactions means and the adoption of Computerized Accounting Information Systems has an effect on the overall management of accounting transactions in public institutions. The study recommended for continuous implementation of Computerized Accounting Information System to ensure continuous improvements. Further studies should be done in other public institutions including other operational areas.
Influence of Employee Loyalty On Retention in Private Security Firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 2023-03-30) Nancy Karinthoni Mustafa and Margaret Wanjiru Mogusu
The challenge of employee retention is a global problem that affects organizations in both developing and developed countries. Even though a lot has been done towards addressing the problem, the situation has continued to be experienced among private security firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of employee loyalty on retention in private security firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The work environment was used as a moderating variable. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population of this research was 50 private security firms in Nairobi City County registered with Kenya Security Industry Association. Primary data was collected using a closeended questionnaire. Data was analyzed with the aid of SPSS version 25.0 and presented using descriptive and inferential statistics. Simple and multiple regression analysis was used to establish the relationship between variables and the t-statistic at a 95% significance level was adopted in testing the hypothesis of the study. The overall significance was tested using F-test. The study established a positive significant effect of employee loyalty on retention with a regression coefficient of 1.583 and a p-value of 0.000 implying that employee loyalty affected retention. The interaction between work environment and employee commitment had a regression coefficient of 2.330 and a p-value of 0.025 implying that work environment positively altered the relationship between employee loyalty and retention. The study recommends that private security firms ought to put strategies that encourage employees to remain loyal in performance of their work, to ensure increased employee retention. The findings of the research will contribute to theory, policy making, and understanding of human resource management practices to ensure an increase in employee retention.
Influence of ISO 9001:2008 quality management system on the tangibility of services offered in public universities in Kenya
(Educational Research International, 2017-08) Mbaka, Peter Kimanthi; Jagero, Nelson; Njagi, Mercy Wanja; Omolo, Jonathan
Universities in Kenya sought ISO 9001: 2008 Quality Management Systems to guarantee adherence to the University’s processes and procedures, to ensure excellence in the pursuit of their objectives and to meet customer’s requirements on quality service delivery. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of ISO 9001:2008 Quality management systems on the tangibility of services offered in Kenyan Universities. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The study population comprised of 305, 214 members of academic staff, administrative staff and students from 30 public universities in Kenya chartered by 2016. Simple random sampling was used to select 9 public universities from 30 public universities. From the selected 9 public universities, proportionate sampling was used to select 72 members of academic staff, 90 members of administrative staff and 222 students. The study established that tangibility of service is to a great extent influenced by adoption of ISO 9001:2008 QMS in public universities. The study recommends that public universities should investigate the possibility of a gap between service quality requirements in standard operating procedures of ISO 9001:2008 QMS on tangibles of work to minimize role uncertainty which requires that the correct facilities be provided to all staff enabling them to offer quality service.
Effect of service reliability on customer loyalty to supermarkets in Meru county, Kenya
(Journal of Environmental sustainability advancement research, 2022) Nyaga, J. W.; Nkari, I. M.; Otiso, H.
Although supermarkets in Meru have launched quality customer service programs aimed at ensuring customer loyalty to the supermarkets, their effect has not been evaluated. Supermarkets therefore risk losing loyal customers to online and other platforms. Increased interest in service quality is mostly motivated by understanding that the outcome of customer loyalty is as a result of better service quality. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of service reliability on customer loyalty to supermarkets. A descriptive research design was adopted. The target population was the 4140 Meru County Government staff who visit the 36 supermarkets in Meru County. A sample of 364 shoppers was picked using simple random sampling technique. The study employed a questionnaire to collect primary data which was collected by the help of a questionnaire. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics was utilized with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26. Multiple linear regression model was employed in analyzing data and the hypotheses was tested at 5% level of significance. The findings of the study were then presented in form of tables, figures and equations. There was a positive significant effect of service reliability on service quality with regression coefficient of 1.153 and a p=0.000. It is anticipated that the findings of the study will help the management of supermarkets to devise strategies geared towards increasing loyalty for the stores and hence increasing their profitability.
Effect of Liquidity on Financial Performance of Firms Listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange,
(International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 2015) Akenga, Grace
Liquidity refers to the ability of a firm to meet its obligations as and when they fall due. In order to meet their obligations, firms are expected to hold a certain percentage of their total finance in cash. However, majority of the institutions especially financialinstitutions tend to focus only on profit maximization at the expense of liquidity management. It is therefore the role of financial managers to establish effective mechanisms of meeting a firm’s obligations and profit maximization. The objective of the study was to establish the effect of current ratio, cash reserves and debt ratio on financial performance of firms listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE). Causal research design was adopted. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 30 firms. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics It was found that current ratio and cash reserves have a significant effect on ROA with a p value of less than 0.05.The debt ratio was found to have no significant effect on ROA as it had a significance level of 0.571.
Effect of Mergers and Acquisitions on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya
(IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 2017-08) Akenga, Grace Melissa; Olang’, Margaret Akinyi
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) perform a vital role in corporate finance by enabling firms achieve varied objectives and financial strategies.In Kenya banks have been merging with the goal of improving their financial performance. Studies done on mergers and acquisitions have not conclusively established whether or not banks benefit from mergers. Therefore this study aims at establishing the effect of mergers and acquisitions on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study will be guided by the following objectives; to find out the effect of asset growth, shareholders value and synergy on the financial performance of merged banks in Kenya. The study adopted a causal research design. It adopted a census method which involved studying all the 6 merged banks from the year 2010 to 2017. The study used secondary data from published audited annual reports of commercial banks and banking supervision annual reports. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse data at 5% significance level. The study found out that the mergers and acquisitions had a positive impact on shareholders’ value and assets of the merged or acquiring banks in Kenya.
Effect of Corporate Environmental Disclosure on Financial Performance of Firms Listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya
(International Journal of Sustainability Management and Information Technologies, 2016-08-01) Gatimbu, Karambu Kiende; Wabwire, Joseph Masinde
Corporate environmental disclosure entails reporting on the impact of company activities on the natural environment such as waste management, recycling, carbon management, emission, pollution, wetland and wildlife conservation. Conventional accounting systems are limiting since they fail to directly address sustainability concerns. They have failed to address economic growth against social and environmental needs in order to balance the different needs of various stakeholders. Sustainability has become a major pillar of today’s business activities. This study consequently aimed at assessing the effect of corporate environmental disclosure on financial performance of listed firms at the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. This study made use of longitudinal secondary data from the annual reports and financial statements of listed companies at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. Content analysis of sampled listed companies’ annual reports was undertaken to examine environmental disclosure practices. A checklist of environmental disclosure items and categories was developed and environmental disclosure indices computed. Casual research design was employed to determine the cause-effect relationship between corporate environmental Disclosure and financial performance. Target population of the study was 61 listed companies. Purposive sampling was employed in selecting firms that have been listed for entire period of study and whose annual reports are available at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. This resulted into a sample size of 32 listed companies. Coefficient of Skewness was used to test the normality of data. Homoscedasticity and auto-correlation assumptions of the regression model were tested using scatter plots and Durbin Watson test. Linear regression model was used to determine the casual relationship between environmental disclosure and financial performance. The overall model was found to be significant with F=8.514, P- value 0.05. The predictor variable explained 47.7% of changes in financial performance. Firm size and leverage have no effect ˂ on environmental disclosure. Findings reveal that environmental disclosure with P-value 0.05 has a positive significant effect ˂ in the mean financial performance. The study recommends that firms should engage in environmental disclosure because it leads to increased financial performance. The study would be useful to the government and also managers to ensure policies are put in place to ensure present generations meet their needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. The study also forms basis for further research and adds knowledge to existing body.
Effect of Debt Finance on Financial Performance of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Maara Sub-county, Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya
(International Journal of Accounting, Finance and Risk Management, 2017) Kirimi,Peter Njagi; Simiyu,Justo; Murithi Dennis
Debt financing is the acquisition of funds through borrowing. Most Sacco’s results into borrowing to finance their increased customer’s demands thus increasing the leverage if not controlled. This study determined the effects of debt finance on financial performance measured ROE. The study investigated the effect of interest rate, loan tenure, debt/equity ratio, and interest coverage ratio on financial performance of savings and credit cooperative societies in Maara Sub-County, Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. Causal research design and a target population of 10 Sacco’s and census survey were used. Secondary data from the Saccos financial statements for the last eight years used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used with help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and results presented in tables. A strong positive relationship of 0.984 between debt and ROE was revealed. A negative relationship existed between interest rate, loan tenure and ROE while a positive relationship was revealed between debt equity ratio and interest coverage ratio on ROE respectively. Interest rate, loan tenure and debt equity ratio had significant effect on ROE at t-statistics of 3.474, -2.938, 9.217 and 8.728 respectively with their P-values 0.018, 0.032, 0.000 and 0.000 less than 0.05 respectively.
Effect of liquidity risk on shareholders’ wealth in commercial banks listed at the Nairobi securities exchange
(Journal of Environmental Sustainability Advancement Research, 2022) Mogusu, M. W.; Nkari, I. M.; Wabwire, J. M.
Shareholders’ wealth is among key decisions in a firm because it has a bearing on overall investor perception and firm value. There has been concern about declining value of shareholders’ wealth among commercial banks listed at the Nairobi Security Exchange (NSE). Previous studies have linked financial risk to shareholders’ wealth. Researchers however fail to agree on the magnitude and direction of the effect. It is not established how liquidity risk would affect shareholders’ wealth of commercial banks listed at the NSE. The objective of this study was to establish the effect of Liquidity risk on Shareholders’ wealth of Commercial Banks listed at the NSE. Descriptive research design was adopted. The target population was eleven commercial banks that had been constantly listed at the NSE from 2013-2019. A census was conducted to collect data from the eleven banks due to the smallness of the population. Data was collected using a checklist. Data was obtained from published financial statements and the Banking survey publications for seven years from 2013 to 2019. Data was analyzed using simple and multiple regression analysis with the help of SPSS version 25.0. Hypothesis was tested using t-statistic at 5% significance level. The study found that liquidity risk had a negative effect on shareholders’ wealth (regression coefficient -0.556, p-value of 0.023). Firms that have high liquidity have more cash flow and are able to take investment opportunities and hence increase shareholders’ value. Commercial banks should come up with ways of minimizing this risk.
Effect of Leverage on Performance of Non-financial Firms Listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange
(Science Publishing Group, 2015-08-13) Mukaria, Henry Kimathi; Mugenda, Nebat Galo; Akenga, Grace Melissa
Managers strive to maximise shareholder wealth by making rational financing decisions regarding optimal capital structure which would minimise its cost of capital. In attempt to magnify the return to shareholders, managers employ the use of debt. When excessive debt financing is employed by a firm, it increases the cost of financing and the financial risk of the firm leading to decreasing the return on equity as a result of financial distress. Do the various debt equity ratio levels lead to different financial performance when compared for high levered and low levered firm, high growth and low growth firm or large and small firms? A causal research design was used to establish the cause and effect relationship between financial leverage and the financial performance of the firms. The target population was 61listed firms on the Nairobi securities exchange by December 2013.Purposive sampling was used to select 38 non-financial companies. Financial companies were eliminated because the company’s capital structures have specific characteristics affected by industry regulatory requirements. Secondary data was obtained from published financial statements of the sampled companies for the six year period from 2008 to 2013.Ordinary Least Square method was used to establish the cause effect relationship among variables; Hypotheses were tested at 5% significance level using t-statistic. The study found that there was no significant difference in financial performance between highly levered and lowly levered firms and that there existed a negative relationship between Leverage and firm’s performance. There were also no significant differences in financial performance between high growth levered firms and low growth levered firms and that there existed a negative relationship between a firm’s growth opportunity and financial leverage ratio. There was no significant difference in financial performance between large levered firms and small levered firms. The findings of this study may act as a policy guideline to finance managers involved in managing firms on the contribution of financial leverage and its association with return on equity to maximise shareholder wealth.
ANALYSIS OF THE VOLATILITY OF REAL EXCHANGE RATE AND EXPORTS IN KENYA USING THE GARCH MODEL: 2005-2012.
(Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research, 2015-08-16) WASSEJA, MOHAMMED MUSTAPHA; MWENDA, SAMWEL N.; MUSUNDI, SAMMY W.; NJOROGE, ELIZABETH
The real exchange rate has proven to be an important factor in international trade because it is expected that exports respond to real exchange rate movements with respect to the characteristics of the importing and exporting countries. Exchange rate volatility increases uncertainty of profits on contracts denominated in foreign currency and subsequently dampens trade and economic growth. This study investigated how real exchange rate volatility affected exports of key Kenyan commodities to the European Union and United Kingdom, namely; tea, coffee and horticulture to the European Union. The presence of exchange rate volatility was determined using the GARCH model. A Bounds testing and Autoregressive Distributed Lag model was used to establish the presence of a long run relationship between exchange rate volatility and commodity exports. Findings revealed that exchange rate volatility affected tea exports to the UK and horticulture exports to the European Union. Foreign income played an important role in explaining tea and coffee exports to the UK and EU respectively.
DENOTATIVE MEANINGS OF NAMES GIVEN TO BUSINESSES IN CHOGORIA TOWN: A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS
(International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 2019) Kinegeni, Mr. Loyford Kariuki; Atieno, Dr. Christine
Naming is an important aspect of our everyday life. Practically everything in the world has a name. This Article sought to provide a pragmatic analysis of names given to businesses in Chogoria town, Tharaka Nithi County in Kenya. The objectives of the study was to establish the denotative meanings of business names in Chogoria town. The study adopted a descriptive research design and used the Frame Semantic Theory to explain how encyclopedic knowledge can be used to arrive at the meanings of these business names. Literature was reviewed on meaning, naming, other studies on the same and how context determines meaning. Stratified sampling and purposive sampling were used to sample thirty business names from the various business types in the area of study to determine those names that would help achieve the objective. Interview schedule was used as the data collection instrument. The data was analyzed using the thematic analysis.