Humanities

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A Syntactic Analysis of Raising Structures in Kĩmũthambĩ
(Chuka University, 2022) Kaburo, Diana Kananu
This paper provides a syntactic analysis of noun phrase movement in raising predicates in Kĩmũthambĩ, a Bantu language, spoken in Kenya. Kĩmũthambĩ belongs to the larger Kikuyu-Kamba group (E50) and is classified as E531 Mwimbi-Muthambi by Eberhand et al. (2022). The study is guided by the Minimalist Program developed by Chomsky (1995). This theory recognizes that there is always a trigger movement which is the need to check features at an appropriate landing site. The paper demonstrates that Raising in Kĩmũthambĩ is triggered by need to check case features. Since raising verbs cannot assign case to a NP, the NP must move to a position in a sentence where it can be assigned case. This according to Carnie (2007) is due to the fact that the NP and the case assigner must be local in such a way that it must be the specifier or the complement of the case assigner, in order to check the feature of case. Case therefore becomes a mandatory trigger for movement of NPs that are not in positions that can be assigned case as in the case of raising predicates. The paper also demonstrates that unlike in English where raising occurs on non-finite clauses only, Kĩmũthambĩ allows raising of subjects out finite clauses a situation referred to as hyper-raising. This study contributes to the study of Kĩmũthambĩ, a language that has had little research attention. It also contributes to the body of knowledge on raising structures in Bantu languages.
Change in the Agikuyu Women’s Local Trade on Indigenous Food Crops in Nyeri County from 1902 to 198
(African Journal of History and Geography, 2024-06-15) Julius Mathenge Gitonga1* , Dr. Martha Muraya, PhD1 & Dr. Leen Kavulavu, PhD1
The purpose of this paper was to analyze the change in the Agikuyu women’s local trade on indigenous food crops in Nyeri County from 1902 to 1980 This study was conducted in three sub-counties: Kieni East, Mathira East, and Nyeri Central. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources.The research employed a historical research design based on qualitative procedures. The design enabled the researcher to explain, describe and give a historical analysis of the findings. This being a historical study, non-probability sampling procedures were used such as purposive and snowball sampling techniques to gather relevant information. A sample size threshold of 54 respondents was interviewed the main research instruments were the interview guide and focus group discussion. Data for this study was analyzed qualitatively using documentary content analysis, description and narration of the historical events. Data was also corroborated and both context and content analysis were done to ensure reliability and validity of the information. Interpretation was done within the framework of Marxist feminist theory and articulation theory. The study established that the women’s local food crops trade system has not been static the colonial capitalist economic practices brought about profound changes in the economic and social fabric in Nyeri County and significantly undermined the women’s local trade. This resulted to both positive and negative influence to the dimensions of food security in the study area. It was established that the indigenous food crops that women exchanged in the local markets were well adapted to local conditions, sustainably available and provided essential nutrients necessary for the health and well-being of the community. The findings of this study illustrate the pivotal role of Agikuyu women in local trade systems and its substantial contribution to food security in Nyeri County. The study concludes that the ministry of trade should come up with deliberate measures that will integrate women’s local trade into the country’s economic policies and practices and also consider the valuable contribution of women local trade in mitigating food shortage and ensuring eradication of extreme poverty and hunger
Revolutionizing Pre-Probation Assessments In Kenya: A Mixed-Method Analysis of Juvenile Evaluation Practices and Recidivism Reduction
(African journal of emerging issues, 2024-09-13) 1Kenneth Seth Omonya, 2Dr. Charles Mwirigi & 3Dr. W. Nyachoti Otiso
Purpose of the Study: The study's purpose was to assess existing juvenile assessment practices prior to probation placement and their effect on probation outcomes. Methodology: The current study used a concurrent-triangulation mixed-method approach, with 226 respondents drawn from Nairobi County's juvenile probationers and probation practitioners. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and a key informant interview guide, and it was analysed descriptively (frequency and percentages), inferentially (binary logistic regression model), and qualitatively. Findings: The study found that properly carried out pre-probation assessment practices significantly reduce recidivism. However, the lack of juvenile-specific Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) assessment tools, a one-week induction period with only passing mentions of juvenile issues, and insufficient training in the existing juvenile assessment mechanisms hampered the optimal juvenile assessment procedure. Rushed assessments were also identified as a barrier to the optimal juvenile assessment process. Conclusion: Overall, while the existing probation assessment process plays an important role in shaping the outcomes for juvenile offenders by lowering recidivism rates, a number of flaws limit its effectiveness. Recommendations: The study recommends that probation develop and implement specialized Risk Needs and Responsivity (RNR) assessment tools tailored to juveniles. The probation department's entry-job induction guidelines should be revised to include training with a strong emphasis on juvenile topics, as well as the use of RNR assessment tools. Further, juvenile probation officers require more training focused on the juvenile offender population.
The Aembu access to land and labour systems on food crop production and food security up to 1906
(2024-09-08) Mbogo Mary Wangai(1) ; Caroline Mucece Kithinji(2) ; Muraya Martha(
This study sought to analyse how the pre-colonial Aembu organised their land and labour systems in food crop production for guaranteed household food security up to 1906. The pre-colonial African societies had either matrilineal or patrilineal systems of land ownership, while labour was gender specific. The study employed a descriptive research design. The study was conducted in Embu East, Embu West and Embu North sub-counties of the larger Embu County. Purposive sampling with a snowballing technique was applied to get 50 respondents who were interviewed from a target population of 16,144. The study corroborated data from oral, archival records and secondary sources. The findings were that the pre-colonial Aembu food crop producers had elaborate systems of land rights and land use under clan heads. The land access system accommodated practices like shifting cultivation and intercropping; the pre-colonial division of labour in food crop production combined all household members and those other forms of labour like communal, paid and corporate were sourced from outside the household. The study concluded that the pre-colonial Aembu were food secure in spite of occasional rainfall failure, locust invasion and warfare, while the articulation of pre-colonial and capitalist land and labour systems exposed the society members to food insecurity. The study contributed to the pre-colonial social, political and economic historiography of the Aembu people. The study recommends that the post-colonial government should employ strategies that can be effectively used to mitigate food crop production insecurity by focusing on the adoption of various traditional methods of land and labour access.
Role of The Anglican Church in Addressing the Boy-Child Crisis In The Diocese of Embu
(Journal of Pastoral and Practical Theology, 2024-05-09) Moses Murithi Nyaga(1) ; Dickson Nkonge Kagema(2) ; Hellen Kagwiria Orina(3)
This study examines the role of the Anglican Church in addressing this crisis by analysing socio-cultural, economic, and spiritual challenges faced by boys and young men. The boy child crisis in Kenya, marked by declining educational achievements, increased crime, substance abuse, and socio-economic marginalisation, necessitates strategic interventions. A descriptive survey design was used to provide a comprehensive understanding. The population comprised 26,108 men, women, and youths across 50 churches in 7 archdeaconries, with a sample of 383 respondents selected using stratified proportionate random sampling, including 254 men and women, 73 youths, 21 priests, and 35 elders. Data were gathered through interviews, questionnaires, and focus group discussions. The findings showed support for pastors providing guidance and counselling in schools and clergy families' involvement in youth development. There was significant backing for boys' seminars and views of youth engagement in church activities. The study also revealed support for door-to-door missions to attract youths to ministry and church-led drug abuse campaigns and mentorship programs. The church was seen as a key supporter of male youth, creating a welcoming environment and integrating traditional and modern practices. The study concludes that the Anglican Church is well-positioned to address the boy child crisis through targeted interventions and recommends formalising pastoral roles in guidance and counselling, enhancing youth leadership, and strengthening outreach program
ROLE OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN ADDRESSING ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS IN CHUKA IGAMBANG’OMBE SUB-COUNTY, KENYA
(Journal of Pastoral and Practical Theology, 2024-09-06) Sarah Kagendo Gitonga(1) ; Dickson Nkonge Kagema(2) ; Jonathan Kathenge(3)
This study sought to investigate the role of the Catholic Church in addressing the environmental crisis in Chuka Igambang’ombe Sub County. The research was carried out in Chuka Igambang’ombe Sub County, Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. A population of 15574 Church members comprising 20 priests, 20 Development officials, 3663 youths, 4285 CMA, and 7321 CWA was targeted by the survey. A sample of 10 priests, 10 Development committee members, 86 youths, 175 CWA, and 98 CMA members was obtained for the study, making a total of 389 members of the targeted population. Data was obtained using interviews and questionnaires. The study established that the Church contributed to environmental conservation by educating members on tree planting, promoting environmental conservation among Christians, safeguarding water catchment areas, discouraging tree cutting, organising garbage collection, raising public awareness, participating in volunteer clean-up activities, preventing tree cutting, soil erosion and advocating for preservation services. Considering the findings obtained, the study recommends collaboration between the Catholic Church, local stakeholders, government agencies and environmental groups to enhance conservation efforts, boost community involvement, strengthen advocacy within the Church on environmental conservation, adopt sustainable land management practices, enforce deforestation regulations and improve waste management to curb water pollution and ecological degradation.
The economic influence of prosperity gospel on individual followers in neo-Pentecostal movements in Karingani Ward Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya
(Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2024-10-25) Kinoti Evans(1) ; Dickson Nkonge Kagema(2) ; Orina Hellen Kagwiria(3)
The study sought to investigate how prosperity gospel influences the economic aspect of its followers in neo-Pentecostal movements in Karingani Ward Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. In Kenya, Neo-Pentecostal movements are growing and spreading from urban to rural areas, as witnessed in Karingani Ward, Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. There has been an increase in self-founded churches, commonly known as charismatic movements, over the past decade. The Functionalism Theory guided the study in analysing the prosperity gospel's influence on its followers' economic aspect. The theory indicates that religion is a social influencer that leads to changes in behaviour and perception or worldview that are essential to economic growth. The study applied the descriptive survey design. Yamane’s formula was applied to obtain a sample size of 288 respondents. In addition, six pastors were selected from the churches; the total sample was 294 respondents. In the six selected churches, a larger population was between (20-50 years); the majority were women and indicated to be small business owners and employed in the private sector. The research instruments utilised were questionnaires, interviews, and focused group discussions. The study's findings revealed that prosperity teachings in Neo-Pentecostal movements positively influenced its followers. Prosperity teaching with biblical grounding had influenced adherents in these movements to have financial, investment, and entrepreneurial abilities through seminars, idea sharing, and continuous assistance from members, which have impacted their followers to experience social status mobility. This paper recommends a future study on how perceived YouTube or social media incomes can benefit all adherents.
Relevance of Thomas Hobbes's political theory in addressing the challenges facing the principle of public participation in Kenyan governance
(Consortium Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies, 2024-10-23) Josphat Kaume Kobia (1) Dickson Nkonge Kagema (2) Dynesius Nyangau (3
This study sought to address the relevance of Thomas Hobbes's political theory in addressing the challenges facing the principle of public participation in Kenyan governance. Law brings order in the society, and it is a prerequisite for ensuring peace, tranquillity and effective governance in a society. Despite the principle of public participation being enshrined in the constitution, political leaders have not fully embraced it. The study was guided by Thomas Hobbes's political theory. This theory emphasises consent and consensus in the formation of government so as to move from the state of nature where life was unbearable. The study was library-based, and the researcher used a purposive sampling method to purposely sample four books that are inclined to materials related to Thomas Hobbes's political theory on the state of nature. The data was collected through reading texts, both published and unpublished. The location of the study was Chuka University Library. The study adopted a descriptive design and used a critical method that questions assumptions, examines evidence, identifies biases, and strives for a deeper understanding of the principle of Public participation under the constitution of Kenya. The study found that there is a need to have an organised society guided by law. The study recommended the need for the government to engage people in public participation so as to get their consent in developments and governance policies.
Responsible Leadership and Sustainable Development in Post-Independent Africa:A Kenyan Experience
(ne Journal of Values-BasedLeadership, 2018-01) Kagema,Dickson Nkonge
The political independence in Africa was welcomed with joy and a heap of expectations, as AfricansbelievedthatthenewAfricangovernmentswouldbringsustainabledevelopmentafter years of subjugation, exploitation, and oppression. Unfortunately, this has not been the case. Today,manyyearsaftertheattainmentofpoliticalindependence,manyAfricannationslargely remain underdeveloped, burdened with poverty, diseases, poor communication networks, illiteracy,tribalanimosity,economicchallenges,andinjustices,―allofwhichaffecteveryaspect of African life. This study, which involved 160 respondents purposely selected from the 47 countiesinKenya,aimedto investigatewhy Africacontinuesto lagbehindindevelopmentdespite autonomousrule.ThestudyfoundthatalthoughAfricaisendowedwithnumerousresources,it suffers from the lack of responsible leaders, particularly political leaders. Leaders in Africa are availableinabundancebutveryfewareconcernedwiththewelfareofthepeopletheylead.The majority of the leaders are keen to retain power and acquire wealth at the expense of the constituents they represent. This has created a very horrendous situation in Africa as people struggletoaccesspoorly-managedresources.Nosustainabledevelopmentcanbeattainedina situationwhereleadersarenotresponsibletothosewhotheylead.Foritisonlytheinstallation ofcompetent,empathetic,equitable,andforward-thinkingleadersthatwillsuccessfullyguidethe sustainabledevelopmentofemergingAfricaneconomies.Africanleadersmustrealizethatthey are stewards of the geopolitical environments they were elected to serve and must be fully accountablefortheiractions.Responsibleleadershipandsustainabledevelopmentareclosely interwoven. Recommendations are interjected regarding how to develop our leaders for responsibleleadershipifanymeaningfuldevelopmentistobegenuinelyachievedinAfrica.
A History of the Presbyterian Church of East Africa in The Eastern Region (1915 To 2022)
(Journal of History and Cultural Studies, 2024-02-10) Lucy Muthoni Mwindi(1) ; Dickson Nkonge Kagema(2) ; Caroline Mucece Kithinji(3
The study sought to trace the history of the Presbyterian Church of East Africa (PCEA) in the Eastern Region from 1915 to 2022. PCEA was introduced by the Church of Scotland Mission (CSM) in 1915. It has been in the Eastern Region (Tharaka Nithi and Meru counties) for over a century now and is one of the dominant denominations in the area. However, no systematic study has been done to trace its history. The history of the Methodist Church in Kenya, the Anglican Church, and the Catholic Church in the Eastern Region is well documented, but that of PCEA in the region is conspicuously missing. This gave the authors the impetus to carry out such a study. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. Data was collected and analysed from 438 respondents, including 9 presbytery moderators, 53 church ministers, and 376 church members. The study established that PCEA was brought to the Eastern Region by the CSM. The first missionaries were Africans sent from Kikuyu and Tumutumu. They were later joined by Dr Clive Irvine in 1922. A mission station was established at Chogoria, from where the church spread to other parts of the lower and upper Meru. The study concludes that PCEA is one of the dominant denominations in the Eastern Region. The study recommends that PCEA should come up with better methods of storing data to avoid losing it and preserve its heritage
Assessment of the socio-political and economic impact of the Presbyterian Church of East Africa in the Eastern region from 1915 to 2022
(Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2024-09-20) Lucy Muthoni Mwindi(1) ; Dickson Nkonge Kagema(2) ; Caroline Mucece Kithinji
The study sought to determine the impact of the Presbyterian Church of East Africa in the Eastern Region from 1915 to 2022. PCEA was introduced in the Eastern Region by the Church of Scotland Mission (CSM) in 1915. The Eastern Region was the third mission area after Kikuyu and Tumutumu. Their mission strategy was holistic in nature, combining evangelism, education, medical and industrial work. Since its inception, PCEA has been involved in transforming the socio-political and economic lives of people in the Eastern Region. There is a paucity of scholarly work on the impact of other missionaries like the Methodists, the Roman Catholics and the Anglicans in Meru, but that of PCEA is conspicuously missing. Thus, there is a need for this kind of study. Data was collected by descriptive survey research design. Data was collected and analysed from 376 church members, 53 church ministers and 9 presbytery moderators. The study established that PCEA has had both negative and positive impacts on the transformation of the people in the Eastern Region. The study recommends that PCEA should improve on the management and supervision of its institutions to ensure they serve the purpose for which they were established
Makosa ya Kifonolojia Miongoni mwa Wanafunzi wa Kiigembe katika Ujifunzaji wa Kiswahili
(East African Journal of Swahili Studies, 2023-04-01) Jackson Kimathi Kanake1* na Prof. John M. Kobia, PhD1
Makala haya yananuia kuainisha na kuchanganua makosa ya kifonolojia miongoni mwa wanafunzi wanaozungumza Kiigembe katika ujifunzaji wa lugha ya Kiswahili. Athari hizo hutokea kwa sababu ya kuingiliana kwa lugha hizi mbili ambazo ni Kiswahili na Kiigembe. Ni kutokana na maingiliano haya ambapo tunapata athari ya Kiigembe katika Kiswahili na athari hizo pia hutegemea miundo ya lugha zinazohusika. Makala haya yameongozwa na nadharia ya Uchanganuzi Linganuzi. Hii ni nadharia ya ujifunzaji wa lugha ya pili ambayo hulinganisha na kulinganua lugha mbili ili kuonyesha jinsi zinavyofanana na kutofautiana. Data ya makala haya inatokana na sampuli ya wanafunzi mia mbili na arobaini wa shule za upili za kutwa kutoka Kaunti Ndogo ya Igembe Kusini, Kaunti ya Meru nchini Kenya. Utafiti wa nyanjani ulihusisha mahojiano, hojaji, usimuliaji wa hadithi na pia uandishi wa insha. Matokeo ya utafiti yalibainisha kuwa kuna tofauti kidogo katika baadhi ya fonimu za lugha ya Kiigembe na ya Kiswahili. Tofauti katika miundo ya lugha hizi mbili imebainika kuwa chanzo cha athari ya Kiigembe inayojitokeza katika lugha ya Kiswahili
The Influence of Communication Participants on Adoption of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) Vaccine among Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASAL) Pastoralists in Kenya
(American Journal of Communication, 2023-02-19) Virginia Wangari Ndungu1* , Professor Hellen K. Mberia2 , Dr Kyalo Wa Ngula3 , and Dr. Joseph Othieno4
The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of communication participants on adoption of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) Vaccine among Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASAL) pastoralists in Kenya. Methodology: The study population was pastoralists in Narok South Sub-county. Sample size was 468 respondents inclusive of qualitative and quantitative samples where 440 responded to questionnaire, 24 in focus group discussions, and 4 in key informant interviews. Cross-sectional research design entailing collection of qualitative and quantitative data was used to assess association between variables. Multi stage, purposive, simple random, systematic and stratified sampling techniques were then employed to come up with respondents. Data derived from 468 respondents was analyzed using statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 20.0 and presented using regression coefficients and ANOVA. Findings: All respondents engaged in discussions with others before vaccinating cattle against CBPP. This is because as members of social groups, they interacted with each other through networks, a dominant mechanism for diffusion. Within parameters of experts, veterinary officers and agro-veterinary sales people were influential. In the community, family and neighbours were equally influential and among peers were elders and herders. These influencers were effective because of their attributes and social qualities; trustworthiness and credibility, accessibility, knowledgeability, government authority, advised on many issues, related easily with others and were friendly. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Some people have influence over others in CBPP vaccine adoption among ASAL pastoralists. Governments, veterinary researchers, and communication experts need to leverage on them to encourage diffuse of the vaccine. These influencers could also be trained on some basic aspects of disease reporting, control and eradication
The Interface Between Literature And Environment: An Ecocritical Analysis Of Kiigembe Proverbs
(A Journal of Contemporary Research, 2023-03-20) John M. Kobia
Environmental conservation is one of the key issues of concern in major world blueprints and visions like United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, Agenda 2063 of the Africa We Want, East African Community Vision 2050 and Kenya‟s Vision 2030. African indigenous knowledge systems can provide mechanisms and strategies to conserve the environment for the betterment of humanity. Humanity belongs to the earth and the earth depends on the activities of human beings on earth. This paper interrogates the interface between literature and environment within the notions of Africa indigenous knowledge system. Using ecocriticism as a theoretical frame work, the paper examines selected Kiigeembe eco-proverbs as literary texts to show the interface between literature and environment. The paper is premised on the fact that literature is a product of environment and that environmental issues and ecological challenges can be portrayed through literary environmentalism genres and Kiigembe ecoproverb is no exception. The findings of this study point toward the need to go back to our Africa roots, especially on indigenous knowledge systems, for solutions to environmental challenges facing humanity today.
Determinants of religious tourism branding tactics in Kenya: A cross sectional study
(Sage Publications, Inc., 2018) Muriuki, Lemmy Mureti; Bururia, David; Mutegi, James
Shrines’ market appeal and authenticity drive religious tourism branding initiatives. Ideal packaging strate- gies further determine product performance in religious destinations. This article examined the potential contribution of market appeal and authenticity to religious tourism branding in the Kenyan Coast, Western, and Eastern regions. Multistage Cluster Sampling was used to sample 700 respondents. Surveys were con- ducted using structured interviews between February 2012 and April 2013. Questionnaires targeted commu- nities, tourists, and tourism developers. Questionnaires examined the types of shrines, utilization rate, perceived importance, and current development levels. It further assessed applicable religious tourism branding strategies within regions. Data analysis involved factor analysis, ANOVA, and t-tests. Results indi- cated that Kenyan shrines serve natural, physical, and cultural purposes, which determine their market appeal. New brands, line-extensions, and brand extensions emerged significant product branding strategies (p < 0.05). Thus, it implied perceived loss of product authenticity.
Ubainishaji wa vigezo vya Utoaji Wa Toponemia katika Jamii: Mfano kutoka Jimbo Dogo la Maara nchini Kenya
(East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya, 2022-09-07) Mutegi, David Micheni; Mugambi, Allan; M‟Ngaruthi, Timothy Kinoti
Utafiti huu wa kionomastiki ulilenga kuchanganua vigezo vya utoaji wa toponemia za shule za msingi katika jamii. Utafiti ulifanyika katika eneo la Mwimbi na Muthambi, jimboni dogo la Maara kwenye Kaunti ya Tharaka-Nithi, nchini Kenya. Nadharia ya Ujinaishaji pamoja na nadharia ya Uchanganuzi Hakiki Usemi na Matini ziliongoza utafiti huu. Data ilikusanywa kupitia mahojiano ya ana kwa ana pamoja na hojaji. Mahojiano yalimwezesha mtafiti kupata data ya kutosha na halisi moja kwa moja kutoka kwa wahojiwa. Hojaji ilimwezesha mtafiti kukusanya data kwa urahisi katika maeneo mengi na kutoka kwa sampuli kubwa. Walengwa katika utafiti huu walikuwa wakaazi wa Mwimbi na Muthambi. Usampulishaji ulifanywa kimaksudi kwa kuhusisha machifu 5 wa kata 5 za Mwimbi na Muthambi na manaibu wa chifu 25 kutoka kata ndogo 25 za eneo hili. Watawala hao walichaguliwa kwa sababu walikuwa wenyeji wa eneo la utafiti na iliaminika kuwa wangetoa habari kamilifu kuhusu maswali ya utafiti. Sampuli nyingine ya Wazee 20 wenye umri wa miaka 70 na zaidi ilichaguliwa kimakusudi kwa kutumia mbinu ya kimtandao ili kutoa habari kuhusu michakato ya uundaji wa toponemia za shule za msingi katika eneo la Mwimbi na Muthambi. Sampuli ya wazee ilipatikana kwa urahisi kwa kuwa walikuwa wakipokea marupurupu maalum kutoka kwa serikali, na hivyo walijulikana katika vijiji vyao. Uchambuzi na uwasilishaji wa data ya utafiti huu ulitumia mkabala wa kimaelezo kulingana na madhumuni na swali la utafiti. Utafiti huu ulibainisha kuwa toponemia hutolewa kwa kuzingatia vigezo vya kimaumbile, kiuchumi na kijamii. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yatatoa marejeleo muhimu kwa watafiti wa baadaye watakaoshughulikia vipengele vya onomastiki katika lahaja ya Kimwimbi na Muthambi na lugha nyinginezo.
Colonialism and its implication on the African family stability in Embu north sub-county of Kenya from 1895 to 1965
(Edition Consortium Publishing, 2022-07-31) Kaaria, Lizza N.; Kithinji, Caroline M.; Nkonge, Dickson K.
This study sought to explore the colonialism and its’ implication on the African family stability in Embu North Sub-County of Kenya from 1895 to 1965. The study employed a descriptive research design. Data were obtained from oral, archival and secondary sources. The researcher interviewed 50 respondents who were purposively sampled using a snowballing technique. The study corroborated data from oral, archival and secondary sources to ensure the validity and reliability of the study. Cultural Evolution theory was used to examine colonialism and its implications on the African family stability in the area of study. The study findings indicated that the family values among the Aembu were authentic and ensured a well-organised rhythm of life before the advent of European imperialism in 1895. However, there was a disruption in the traditional religion of the Aembu with the establishment of the Kigari mission station in 1910, the modes of dressing, eating, language and education were changed to suit a western value system. This study has contributed to the colonial historiography of the Aembu of Embu North Sub-County, Kenya.
Biblical and theological basis for church involvement in community development in Kenya
(Edition Consortium Publishing, 2022-09-05) Wambugu, Peter Muriithi; Kagema, Dickson Nkonge; Micheni, Stephen
This study sought to establish the biblical and theological basis for Church’s involvement in the Community Development (CD). The Anglican Development Services (ADS) of the Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK) was used as the case for this study. The study targeted four Anglican ADS regions, namely: Pwani, Eastern, Mount Kenya East and NAIKA (Nairobi, Kajiado and All Saints). The theory of Reconstruction Theology (RT) advanced by Jesse Mugambi based on the process of social reconstruction as a paradigm for CD was employed. A sample of 330 respondents gotten from a target population of 1,827 was used. A descriptive survey design was employed. Utilizing questionnaires, interviews, and Focus Group discussions, data was gathered. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 computer software was used to analyze the quantitative data using frequency and percentages, while thematic analysis was done on qualitative data in accordance with the study’s objectives. The findings showed that the biblical and theological basis for the Church’s involvement in CD was highly valued. To improve the sustainability of CD within targeted areas, it was recommended that the implementation of CD be based upon a strong biblical and theological basis as a demonstration of service to the vulnerable in the community.
Colonial policies against female circumcision among the Nyakoe people from Kenya between 1907 and 1963
(Journal of history and cultural studies, 2022-08-05) Ongeri, Dennis O.; Kithinji, Caroline M.; Nkonge, Dickson K.
The purpose of this study was to establish the colonial policies against female circumcision among the Nyakoe people, Kisii County, Kenya, between 1907-1963. This study used Cultural Attraction Theory (CAT) as a tool for analysis. Methodologically, qualitative research was applied; hence, the study used the descriptive study design. This study was carried out in the village of Nyakoe, south of Kisii County, because of the continued female circumcision among the Nyakoe people. Fifty Respondents were purposively sampled using snowball techniques. The data was collected from primary, archive, and secondary sources that were corroborated to ensure the reliability and objectivity of the study. This survey collected data through oral interviews and focus group discussions. Data were analysed and presented by qualitative data analysis. The main research findings were that Christian missionaries and the African chiefs in the local native councils, the building of schools, forced labour of Gusii men, the narrative of European superiority, taxation, prosecution of the participants, trade and evangelisation used to protest against female circumcision. Female circumcision continued in the study area despite the colonial government's efforts to stop it.
Addressing the prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse among the youth in the Presbyterian churches in Kenya
(Journal of humanities and social sciences, 2022-08-25) Mathai, Lucy Mutare
This article sought to assess the reasons for the prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse among the youth in the Presbyterian churches (PCEA) and to investigate the success rate of the strategies used by the PCEA in addressing alcohol and drug abuse among the youth. Three PCEA regions were selected using the multistage cluster sampling technique. A proportional sampling technique was used to get PCEA Presbytery moderators, church elders, Parish ministers and youth members. The youth who are abusing alcohol and drugs were identified through the snowball sampling technique. Purposive sampling was used to select the Youth Director. A descriptive survey research design was used to obtain qualitative data. Instruments for data collection were questionnaires, structured interview schedules and focus group discussions. Data were analyzed qualitatively and presented in summary form using frequency tables and discussions. The study established that the reasons for the prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse among the youth in the PCEA are peer influence, curiosity and easy availability of alcohol and drugs. The strategies used by PCEA in addressing alcohol and drug abuse include seminars and workshops (56%), bible studies (31%), alcoholic forums (44%), youth camps and conferences (56%), rallies and crusades (43%), guidance and counselling programmes (45%), youth engagement in community work (71%) and having a drug education desk (30%). The study recommends that the Church should reassess the strategies with the aim of making them more effective. The youth should be involved in the management of the strategies.

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