3rd International Research Conference Proceedings Chuka University, 2016

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Modeling Hiv/Aids Co Infection with Malaria and Tuberculosis: The Role of Treatment and Counseling.
(Chuka University, 2017) Okongo, M.K.; George, L.; Musundi, S.W; and Magana, A.M.
HIV/AIDS remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide with its effects most devastating in Sub-Saharan Africa due to its dual infection with malaria and tuberculosis. This study presents a co infection deterministic model defined by a system of ordinary differential equations for HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. The HIV/AIDS model is analysed to determine the conditions for the stability of the equilibria points and assess the role of treatment and counseling in controlling the spread of co infections. This study shows that effective counseling reduces the value of the reproduction number for HIV/AIDS ( H R ) to less than unity eliminating the problem. Numerical simulations show that applying anti-retroviral (ARV) treatment without effective counseling increases the value of H
Drama and Orality in Kenya’s Radio Advertising.
(Chuka University, 2017) Njogu, J.G.
The relationship between drama, cultural practice and electronic media in Kenya is built around a history of intricate relationships informed by history, aesthetics and values adored by the African people since time immemorial. By function, drama has always addressed cultural, historical and emerging themes. For quite some time now, it has become a very fashionable technique of advertisement production in Kenya, yet research on drama as a persuasive genre remains scant. This paper examines the relationship between advertisement drama in radio and indigenous literary practices of the African people. It is based on the assumption that since the purpose of advertisements is to influence mass buyers, the choice of drama genre by advertisers imply that it possesses unique persuasive elements that can render for scholarly analyses. Since radio is a purely oral-acoustic medium just like primary orality, elements of primary oral cultures serve to enhance the expressiveness of radio-mediated advertisements. The paper begins from awareness that drama has always been a cultural production in Kenya, and that indigenous literary forms have always punctuated dramatic experience at every phase of its development both in content and style. Using a qualitative design, data is in the form of audio recordings of advertisements that use the technique of drama in radio. These are transcribed, translated and analyzed to arrive at conclusions about the persuasive strategy of theatre in the radio medium. Walter Ong’s theorizing about transiting from primary orality to typographical forms will enable us understand the psychodynamics of how audio messages are crafted to resonate with those who hear them. Ong’s ideas about the notion of ‘imagined audiences’ will also be used. These ideas enable us examine how advertisers imagine their audiences via virtual experience. It is expected that aspects of indigenous literary forms will manifest, and that these elements have rhetorically latent. It is also expected that the language in theatrical ads will be uniquely fashioned to persuade, and that these adverts will reveal how their consumers understand the world around them.
Educational Implication of ‘Sheng’ In The Learning of Kiswahili Among Secondary Schools Students in Kenya: A Case Study of Kirinyaga County.
(Chuka University, 2017) Mune, C.W
In the recent past Kiswahili has been hit by a wave of ‘Sheng’ speakers who are mostly adolescents and young adults. Use of Sheng has raised significant linguistic and pedagogical questions associated with the attainment of Kiswahili proficiency. While some people have advocated the growth of ‘Sheng’ as an indication of societal growth in Kenya, others, including scholars, researchers and educationists are on the opinion that the spread of this code impacts negatively on the learners in Kenyan schools and should be left to hip hop musicians, public transport touts, drug peddlers and school drop outs. In the education circles, the code is gangster slang, a secret code associated with social misfits, is fluid and not easy to understand. It interferes with standard Kiswahili and has negative effects on formal education. In Kenya, language policy has come to mean political pronouncements, government statements, and recommendations by Educational Commissions which are rarely implemented. The study was guided by Inter-language theory by Selinker. Study sample consisted of 9 schools, 368 form three students and 40 teachers. Sample populations were obtained through purposive and stratified sampling. Research showed that the code has interfered with formal language learning inside the classroom since students fail to mark the boundaries between ‘Sheng’ and standard Kiswahili and thus continue to show incompetence in writing and speaking. Also, it has interfered with the performance of students in national examinations especially in sentence constructions. Students regarded sheng as a tool to distinguish themselves from their parents whom they perceive as living in the past. Findings show that ‘Sheng’ has to do with lack of clarity in Kenya’s language policy. The paper recommends specific researches on the language situation in Kenya especially as far as the spread of ‘Sheng’ and its impacts on education are concerned
Affecting Access to Extension Service Among Cashew Nut Farmers in Kilifi County, Kenya.
(Chuka University, 2017) Koech, R. and Karani, C.G
The main aim of the paper was to determine the factors that affect access of extension service among smallholder cashew nut producers. The study was conducted in Kilifi County in coastal Kenya which has favourable climatic conditions and a long history of cashew nut production. A structured interview guide was used to collect data from 123 cashew nut farmers which were then analyzed using logistic regression model. Results show that the determinants of access of extension service include gender, education, age, household size and the size of land area cultivated. The study established management neglect of cashew nut plantations which would otherwise be amended through access of extension services. It is thus imperative that favourable policies based on the identified variables be formulated.
The Relevance of Education Expansion to Development in Kenya.
(Chuka University, 2017) Ngunjiri, J.N
In many developing countries, formal education is the largest "industry" and the greatest consumer of public revenues. Consequently, poor nations have invested huge sums in education for numerous reasons: Literate farmers with primary education are thought to be more productive and more responsive to new agricultural technologies, trained literate artisans are better able to keep up to date with changing products and materials, while secondary school graduates with arithmetic and clerical skills are needed to perform technical and administrative functions in growing public and private bureaucracies. In former colonial countries, many people with such skills are replacing departing expatriates. University graduates with advanced training are needed to provide the professional and managerial expertise necessary for a modernized public and private sector. The people themselves have exerted tremendous political pressure for the expansion of schools in developing countries. Parents have realized that in an era of scarce skilled manpower, more schooling and certificates increases their children’s chances of securing well-paying jobs. More years of schooling have been perceived as the only avenue for poor children to escape poverty. As a result of these forces acting on both demand and supply, there has been a tremendous acceleration in LDC public expenditures on education during the past three decade. The proportion of national income and budgets spent on education has increased rapidly. Unfortunately, there has been a growing awareness in many developing nations that the expansion of formal schooling is not always associated with an improved ability to undertake productive work, and that too much investment in formal schooling, especially in higher levels, can divert scarce resources from more socially productive activities and drag national development. It is on the basis of this growing reality that this paper seeks to explore the relevance of education expansion to development.
Critical Analysis On How Teacher-Related Factors Affect Application of Progressivisms’ Learner-Centered Approaches in Teaching and Learning of Mathematics: A Case of Meru South Sub-County, Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya.
(Chuka University, 2017) Mwangi, S.N
Learning mathematics` problem-solving skills using learner-centered teaching approach, as emphasized in the philosophy of progressivism, enhances creativity and problem solving skills to the learners. In contrast, learning mathematics using teacher-centered approaches have increasingly dire consequences to the pupils such as poor performance, lack of creativity, poor socialization and lack of problem-solving skills. This study critically analyzed how teacher-related factors affect application of learner-centered approaches in teaching and learning of Mathematics. The study employed descriptive survey research design. The target population comprised of 5,547 subjects consisting of 5,160 pupils and 387 teachers from 129 public primary schools within Meru South Sub-County, Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. A sample size of 378 respondents was obtained using simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques. Questionnaires were used to collect data from pupils and mathematics teachers. The results of the data analysis were presented using bar graphs, frequency tables and charts. The research findings revealed several learner-related factors such as motivation, attitude, beliefs and myths on mathematics, which were noted to make pupils participate passively in the learning process. Pupils’ negative attitude towards mathematics was also noted as a major hindrance to the application of Progressivists’ learner centered approaches in teaching and learning of mathematics in Meru South Sub-County. The researcher anticipates that the findings and recommendations of this study may provide valuable reference for teachers, curriculum developers and policy makers in education on learner-centered approaches to enhance teaching of Mathematics.
Interpersonal Adaptation On Academic Achievement Among Boys and Girls Students in Boarding Secondary Schools in Meru County, Kenya.
(Chuka University, 2017) Nyaga, V.K.; Murithi, G.G
Academic achievement among secondary school students in Kenya is important because this determines future chances for advancement in life in terms of career options, further studies and sociopolitical appointments in the society. Hence, there is need to examine factors that may influence academic achievement among secondary school students in the country for which adaptation in school is key. Consequently, this study sought to examine the impact of interpersonal adaptation on academic achievement among secondary school students with special emphasis on comparing boys and girls in boarding secondary schools in Meru County in Kenya. The study employed the descriptive survey research design on a sample size of 384 students, school counsellors and deputy principals in boarding secondary schools in Meru County. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect the required data. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as means, standard deviations and t-test statistic were used to analyze the data with the aid of the Scientific Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. Data analysis results revealed that although interpersonal adaptation impacted positively on academic achievement, there were no significant differences in the impact between boys and girls in boarding secondary schools. Thus, to improve and sustain academic achievement among secondary school students, measures need to be put in place to enhance interpersonal relationships among students as well as between students and school staff, school administrators, relatives and parents.
Classroom Discourse in A Multilingual Context: The Case of Selected Primary Schools in Chuka Division, Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya.
(Chuka University, 2017) Mbaka, N.W
The sociolinguistic situation in Kenya is triglossic in nature (Schmied, 2012) English is at the top of the rank as the official language. Kiswahili has been in the middle as the co-official and national language. It is also used as the country’s lingua franca. The indigenous languages are at the base of the hierarchy. In such a multilingual setting, code-mixing and code-switching are inevitable. It has not been established how teachers in lower primary utilise the repertoire of languages at their disposal: thus the need for this study. This paper evaluated whether the language-in-education policy is implemented in the classroom. It was a case study carried out in Chuka Division, Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya. Data was collected using participant observation. The paper establishes that teachers mainly use code-mixing in the classroom and also in official domains. The findings contribute to scholarly literature in Sociolinguistics and should benefit curriculum developers.
This Is Me: The Kenyan Political Autobiography as A Quest for Salvaging the Self.
(Chuka University, 2017) Mutie, S., Rutere, A.M. and Goro, N.K.
The seemingly failure of the first independent African leaders to put an end to poverty, illiteracy and disease, and thus to open the gates to all-round development in their countries has elicited a flurry of scholarly debate. This paper is a continuation of this debate. It aims to account – in yet another way, for the stubborn reality of largely unfulfilled aspirations of the anti-colonial struggle in Africa, and Kenya in particular; to explain from a possible new perspective Kenya’s deficient post-independence. Particularly it examines Oginga Odinga’s Not Yet Uhuru (1966), Bildad Kaggia’s Bildad Kaggia: Roots of Freedom 1921-1963 (1975), Raila Odinga’s, The Flame of Freedom (2013) and joseph Murumbi’s Path Not Taken (2015) to show how, in this literature, they employ specific literary strategies to absolve themselves of all the postcolonial blame, in the process portraying themselves as defenders of nationhood, democracy, and as forces against negative ethnicity. The paper argues that, in this self-refashioning, these leaders advance the very same escapism employed by the founding fathers. Focusing their attention on concealing their ambition-deformed personalities behind the masks of the positive self-identities they construct, the opportunity for genuine leadership and genuine service to nation-building is largely lost.
Drama and Orality in Kenya’s Radio Advertising.
(Chuka University, 2017) Njogu, J.G.
The relationship between drama, cultural practice and electronic media in Kenya is built around a history of intricate relationships informed by history, aesthetics and values adored by the African people since time immemorial. By function, drama has always addressed cultural, historical and emerging themes. For quite some time now, it has become a very fashionable technique of advertisement production in Kenya, yet research on drama as a persuasive genre remains scant. This paper examines the relationship between advertisement drama in radio and indigenous literary practices of the African people. It is based on the assumption that since the purpose of advertisements is to influence mass buyers, the choice of drama genre by advertisers imply that it possesses unique persuasive elements that can render for scholarly analyses. Since radio is a purely oral-acoustic medium just like primary orality, elements of primary oral cultures serve to enhance the expressiveness of radio-mediated advertisements. The paper begins from awareness that drama has always been a cultural production in Kenya, and that indigenous literary forms have always punctuated dramatic experience at every phase of its development both in content and style. Using a qualitative design, data is in the form of audio recordings of advertisements that use the technique of drama in radio. These are transcribed, translated and analyzed to arrive at conclusions about the persuasive strategy of theatre in the radio medium. Walter Ong’s theorizing about transiting from primary orality to typographical forms will enable us understand the psychodynamics of how audio messages are crafted to resonate with those who hear them. Ong’s ideas about the notion of ‘imagined audiences’ will also be used. These ideas enable us examine how advertisers imagine their audiences via virtual experience. It is expected that aspects of indigenous literary forms will manifest, and that these elements have rhetorically latent. It is also expected that the language in theatrical ads will be uniquely fashioned to persuade, and that these adverts will reveal how their consumers understand the world around them.
Implementation Status of Kenya’s Language in Education Policy: A Case Study of Selected Primary Schools in Chuka Division, Meru South District, Kenya.
(Chuka University, 2017) baka, N.W; Peter, C.A; Karuri, M.N
Language-in-education policies in many developing countries are constantly an issue of discussion in scholarly circles. At various times in Kenya’s history commissions have been set to make recommendations on the issue of the language in education policy. The use of mother tongue languages has not been resolved even today thus the need for continuous research in this area. This paper looks at the implementation of the language-in- education policy in lower primary in Chuka Division, Meru South District, Kenya. The paper evaluates the teachers’ awareness of the language policy and actual implementation in the classroom. It also analyses the problems that teachers experience in implementing the policy and gives the teacher’s recommendations in case the language policy were to be restructured. The paper establishes that teachers are aware of the policy but they do not always implement it in the classroom. The findings in this paper are of great benefit to all stakeholders in the ministry of education in Kenya and contribute to scholarly literature in the field of language planning and policy.
. Linking Inclusive Education with Sustainable Development Goals and Transformation of Lives: A Case of Kakamega County Kenya.
(Chuka University, 2017) Nanyama, E.M.; Bota, K.N; Aurah. C
Education is one of the roadmap to ensure implementation of SDGs and the Kenyan Vision 2030. Goal 4 of SDGs ensures inclusive and equitable quality of education, and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. In respect to the goal the education system in Kenya has undergone considerable changes since the introduction of Universal Free Primary Education in 2003 and free secondary education in 2008 as a way of implementing inclusive education. The Ministry of Education also has a special needs education policy that is intended to improve the quality and access to education for children with special needs. Despite this Kenyan government commitment to inclusive education in its quest to provide basic education to all school going age children, the access and retention rates of learners said to have special educational needs in schools is still very low compared to other African countries. It was due to this trend that the researcher was set to establish teachers’ attitude regarding inclusive education in public inclusive primary schools in Kakamega County. The research employed a descriptive survey research design using interview guides to get data from 22 class teachers in public inclusive primary schools. Findings indicated that many teachers lack a repertoire of learning and teaching strategies appropriate for addressing barriers to learning and providing individualized approaches in the classrooms. Some teachers were positive about teaching children said to have SEN but lacked the infrastructure of support and guidance and some expressed that the concept of inclusive education is not to be enabling. The study recommends all primary school teachers to have more training in the area of special education to help them develop strategies which are responsive to the identified learning difficulties of learners with disabilities.
Re-Inventing Conservation Agriculture Practices Beyond 21st Century.
(Chuka University, 2017) Michura, E.G
Conservation agriculture (CA) is gaining prominence and has been found to be a better option in solving food scarcity and biodiversity loss. Industrial agriculture (conventional) for a long time has been practiced with the view of maximizing food production under economic gains without environmental integrity. Approximately, 30% of the greenhouse gases emissions are produced from agricultural activities and this has contributed to environmental degradation and poor human health. To save the world from losing its potential to feed the increasing human population and interrupting ecosystem services, there is greater need to reinvent agricultural practices and develop more environmentally friendly ways of producing food and saving biodiversity. This research paper examined reinventing conservation agriculture practices beyond the 21st century by studying CA practices in two different settings both in developed and developing countries. The aim is to showcase the importance of CA as a means of saving the world from further degradation and recommend to the farmers, policy makers, researchers, scientists, politicians, economists, ecologists among others the dire need to adopt CA technologies. CA is undoubtedly an option that can result in substantial benefits for certain types of farmers in certain locations. However, benefits from CA at field level do not necessarily overcome the economic constraints at farm scale and many of these benefits are only realized in the longer term. CA profoundly alters the flow of resources (nutrients, labour and cash) at the scale of the farm and above, and hence strong trade-offs exist when implementing CA. A survey design was employed to collect data through questionnaire and interviews. The results were discussed and descriptive analysis was used. The study found that CA is a better option to improve human health through feeding on nutritious food products, protecting biodiversity and balancing ecosystem services.
a sustainable financing model amongst banks for agribusiness infrastructural projects in kenya.
(Chuka University, 2017) Musuya, D., Matete, J.S., Kamau, and Fwamba, R
The inherent risks embedded in agribusinesses have made banks cautious in extending credit. Indeed the agricultural sector is the backbone of the economy, contributing significantly to the GDP of the county nevertheless is the least funded. The research study intended to test a model, financing through cooperatives that can be used to mitigate the construed risks of agribusiness lending. The research’s null hypothesis was that, packaging credit and extending it to agribusinesses through cooperatives would not significantly mitigate default risk. This was deductive research using survey methods to collect data for hypothesis testing. From the analysis results the null hypothesis was rejected, accepting the alternative hypothesis that group financing, using the co-operative model, is preferred. Thus, transfer of surplus funds from financial institutions to agribusinesses should be done through co- operatives.
Effect of Replacing Fish Meal with Blood Meal on Chemical Composition of Supplement for Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus).
(Chuka University, 2017) Kirimi, J.G. Musalia, L.M. and Munguti, J.M
The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect on the nutrient content of replacing fish meal (FM) with blood meal (BM) in fish supplement. Three isonitrogenous diets (35% crude protein) were formulated using FM as the main source of animal protein (BM0); 50% replacement of FM with blood meal (BM50); or 100% replacement of FM with BM (BM100). The chemical composition (ash, crude protein, crude fat and crude fibre) and amino acids composition were determined. Replacement of FM with BM did not affect the proximate composition of the diet apart from ash content which decreased with the level of substitution. Substituting fish meal with blood meal reduced the level of methionine, lysine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, valine and increased the levels of arginine, phenylanine and alanine in the diet. Amino acid indices revealed that BM0 had more amino acids with highest chemical scores followed by BM50 and BM100. In all the diets, methionine was the most limiting amino acid. The essential amino acid index of the diets reduced with the level of replacement of FM (0.94, 0.88 and 0.77). The study showed substitution of up to 50% FM with BM gave a useful protein diet and 100% gave almost a poor protein diet.
Algal Diversity and Distribution in The Esp Fish Ponds in Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya
(Chuka University, 2017) Kibaara, D.I; , Magana, A.M; Ochieng, O; Githae, E.W
The algal species composition, distribution, abundance and the water chemistry of the ESP fish ponds in Tharaka-Nithi County have remained unknown, although these greatly influence fish production in ponds. The Results presented here are from investigations over a period of six months of a that is an ongoing study Preliminary findings indicate that the major algal taxa in the ESP fish ponds in Tharaka are Chlorophycea and Bacillariophyceae, both with a ubiquitous distribution in the study area. Cyanobacterial species exhibited a higher abundance (with an average of 235 cells ml-1) in the lower zone (Tharaka) than the middle (Itugururu) or upper (Chuka and Chogoria) zones. Among the cyanotoxin-producing species were Aphanocapsa, Anabaena, and Microcystis spp. Algal abundance exhibited a seasonal pattern with higher values during the rainy than the dry seasons. The highest pond water temperature recorded was in the lower zone, reaching a maximum of 31.9 0C in Tunyai (Tharaka). The minimum level of dissolved oxygen was 3.2 mg l-1. Molecular characterization of the algae cyanotoxin level determination and algal biomass are important aspects of and form the next phase of the present study. The results obtained are expected to play a vital role in formulating informed management policies in order to boost fish production in the ESP ponds of the Tharaka-Nithi County and at the national level.
Perceptions of Catholic Church On Tetanus Vaccine to Women in Kenya.
(Chuka University, 2017) Rufo, B.M
Government of Kenya has been focusing on a mass tetanus vaccination campaign for past years. This targeted woman between 14 and 49 years with an aim of protecting babies from neonatal tetanus, a case of pregnant mothers. Before the March and October 2014 mass tetanus vaccination campaign, the Catholic Church raised concerns about the safety of the vaccine that was being used. Therefore, this study was about the perceptions of Catholic Church on tetanus vaccine to women in Kenya. The objectives of the study were to analyze the reasons as to why Catholic Church in Kenya reject tetanus vaccine, determine the impacts associated with tetanus vaccination to women and society at large, determine bodies and institutions that support and contribute to the vaccination program and finally to access the Kenyan government response concerning the views brought by the Catholic Church on tetanus vaccination to women. Most of data was collected from secondary source. The findings showed the main reason for Catholic Church rejecting the vaccination is because it was a population control scheme by the government, the vaccine was also viewed as important since it prevents neonatal tetanus in newborns, the main bodies and institutions that supported the programme included the WHO, UNICEF and Ministry of health. Finally, the government responded to this issue by forming a joint committee of experts to jointly test the vaccines. More public awareness was needed and should be done in case there is a such programme in future; key stakeholders from religious groups, private and public sectors need to be incorporated in decision making process and the government could have used a different provider for vaccines until the investigation got resolved.
Traditional Herbs Used to Cure Meningitis and Sustainable Health Among the Abagusii (Short Communication).
(Chuka University, 2017) Okebiro, G.N; Nyakundi, I.N; Nyakundi, E.G
The traditional drugs were effective in treating diseases like meningitis among the Abagusii. The Abagusii specialist/medicine men mixed the roots from different indigenous plants (Omanyateti, Ekenagwa ekiogarori, omonyankene, omonyababi) and boiled to make a concoction swallowed to cure a multiple diseases in human anatomy or body. That is why such diseases like meningitis were unheard off in the ancient Abagusii Society in Gusiiland. The problem is nowadays, the doctors, or nurses do not identify the symptoms of meningitis in the early stage, instead they treat the patient on malaria drugs to realise later the patient was suffering from meningitis on un revisable state. The objectives are to reinforce the traditional drugs to treat meningitis among the Abagusii and the rest of the other ethnic tribes and to investigate why the doctors are unable to detect the patients suffering from meningitis in the early stage. The research adopts interview method through survey design. The result is many patients lose lives due to negligence of doctors treating different diseases instead of meningitis. It is concluded that the symptoms of meningitis are similar like those of malaria and therefore, doctors’ contradict on treating malaria instead of meningitis. Therefore, it is recommended doctors to be careful in identifying the patients suffering from meningitis or patients to use the traditional herbs for sustainable human health.
Understanding History for Human Development.
(Chuka University, 2017) Kavulavu, L.
History has been misunderstood to mean the past. However, past present and future are related. As we try to establish ourselves to feel at home, our past makes our present and so the future. Forces of history produces a given society and as human being we should not abuse history nor use it to interfere with other people freedom and nation building as it will bring suffering. History is thus about using our memory to building our institution so that the society can become productive and meaningful. If we don’t memorize our past we could be in a real trouble to forget who we are. The significance of the past for us today involves selection and choice in which our contemporary concern can have a reasonable role. To understand how and why we live as we do, we cannot avoid appealing to the past to explain how and why we got to be this way. It is not the past alone that plays this crucial role in shaping our identities nor less important is the act of remembering the past. In this paper, therefore, the author will pay more attention on why history is a living memory and that by killing or forgetting our past we lose our way as we navigate our way into an unknown future. So how do we reconnect with the past? The author think we should tell stories about it. Method for this study involved data collection from secondary sources.
A Linguistic-Stylistics Analysis of Francis Imbuga’s Betrayal in the City.
(Chuka University, 2017) Miriti, E.K; Gathigia, M.G; Munene, G.W; Gicuku, M.W
A linguistic-stylistics analysis involves a synthesis that examines how language has been used in the realization of a particular subject matter. However, little attention has been given to linguistic-stylistics analysis and particularly in reference to the study of African literature. This study examines a linguistic- stylistics analysis of Francis Imbuga’s play, Betrayal in the City, a text replete with cultural, interpersonal and political betrayals. The Halliday’s Systemic Functional Approach which postulates that the functional nature of language is reflected in its internal structure, especially in its semantic and syntactic organisation is employed in this study. Content analysis is used to identify the linguistic- stylistics features in the play. The study discusses, inter alia, the lexical, grammatical and context categories employed in the play. Linguistic-stylistics works as a bridge between cultural, literary and linguistic studies. The study recommends a linguistic-stylistic analysis of texts to understand the functional nature of language

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