Department of Humanities

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Ubabedume katika sherehe za upiganishaji fahali katika jamii ya waidakho magharibi mwa kenya
(Chuka University, 2024) Asalache Austine Indulagi
Utafiti huu ulichunguza ubabedume katika miviga ya upiganishaji fahali ambapo mtafiti alichunguza sifa za mwanamume zinazodhihirisha ubabedume, maudhui katika nyimbo zinazoimbwa katika sherehe za upiganishaji fahali na ishara za kiuana zinazodhihirisha ubabedume katika miviga ya upiganishaji fahali. Ili kutimiza malengo haya, utafiti ulichunguza namna ishara maana, sifa za mwanamume na maudhui katika nyimbo hudhihirisha ubabedume. Ishara na nyimbo zinazoimbwa katika miviga ya upiganishaji fahali ni nyenzo kuu ya kumkumbusha mwanamume nafasi yake katika jamii katika kukuza utamaduni wa Waidakho. Mtafiti aliongozwa na nadharia mbili: nadharia ya Ubabedume ambayo iliasisiwa na Raewyn Connel miaka ya 1995. Nadharia hii ilieleza mahusiano ya wanawake na wanaume katika jamii. Kisha, nadharia ya Semiotiki iliyoasisiwa na Ferdinand de Saussure miaka ya 1970.nadharia hii ilichunguza maana, ishara-maana na misingi ya kitamaduni ya jamii. Uteuzi wa sampuli kimaksudi ulitumiwa kumchagua mwenyekiti wa mipango ya miviga ya upiganishaji fahali pamoja na kumbi zilizotumiwa kupiganisha fahali. Data asilia iliyotumiwa ilikusanywa kupitia hojaji, kusaili, utazamaji na uchunzaji-shiriki. Nyimbo na ishara zilizokusanywa zilitafsiriwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili kwa kuwa zilikuwa zimeimbwa kwa lahaja ya Ki-idakho. Nyimbo na ishara zilizotafsiriwa zilifanyiwa uchanganuzi kwa misingi ya madhumuni ya utafiti. Mtafiti alichanganua data kwa njia ya maelezo kwa kupanga, kuweka katika kanda za kunasa sauti, kisha kuihakiki na kuchanganua kwa kutazama idadi ya marudio kwa kila jibu. Umuhimu wa utafiti huu ni kuweka nyimbo za upiganishaji wa fahali katika kumbukumbu kwa kuwa matini za nyimbo zilizokusanywa zilihifadhiwa katika maandishi kwa matumizi ya kufundishia na utafiti wa usomi katika utanzu wa nyimbo. Kuwepo kwa kumbukumbu hizi kutarahisisha kupokeza kwa mitazamo na itikadi za ubabedume kutoka kizazi kimoja hadi kingine kupitia miviga ya upiganishaji fahali ambapo nyimbo hutumiwa kama nyenzo ya kuwakumbusha wanaume na watoto wa kiume kuhusu misimamo na mitazamo ya jamii ya Waidakho.
The role of Atharaka cultural ties in political mobilization during the general elections in Tharaka constituency, kenya (1961-2007)
(Chuka University, 2024) Kirunguru Raphael Nyamu
Different societies in Africa have been using various cultural ties as a strategy for political mobilizations during general elections. In this regard, the study focused on examining the role of Atharaka music, clanism and age-set systems in political mobilization from 1961 to 2007. The study was guided by the following objectives: to examine the role of music in political mobilization in the Tharaka constituency from 1961 to 2007; to analyze the role of clanism in political mobilization among the Atharaka during general elections and to investigate how age-set system was used in political mobilization in Tharaka during general elections from 1961 to 2007. The study was steered by the assumption that culture plays a significant role in political mobilization. The literature was reviewed in this study to identify the gaps. The study was guided by structural functionalism theory. A descriptive study design was used. The research was carried out in the Tharaka constituency which has two sub-counties, Tharaka North and Tharaka South. Respondents were purposively sampled using snowballing techniques because it assisted the researcher in identifying respondents who have been deeply involved in Tharaka culture and politics. Tharaka constituency is among the three constituencies in Tharaka Nithi County which includes Maara, and Chuka Igambang’ombe. Tharaka constituency has a population of 133,595. The sampled wards are Chiakariga and Nkondi where Chiakariga ward has 18,564 voters and Nkondi has 9,543 thus categorizing them as a minor group in Tharaka voters. For the minor group, a sample size of 20- 50 respondents was used since the research relied on data saturation. The study sampled 40 respondents on the basis of data saturation. The researcher used both primary and secondary data. The data was analyzed thematically using historical narrations by corroborating both primary and secondary sources. The study found that music is used by Atharaka to mobilize people politically during general elections. Also, the research found that clanism and age-set systems are used to mobilize Atharaka voters during electioneering periods. On the contrary, the study found that in some instances, the use of music, clanism and age-set systems contributed to political demobilizations of certain political candidates. The findings were in line with structural functionalism theory. The study concluded that the overuse or overreliance on the culture can make people elect the wrong people for political leadership. In that regard, people should be cautious to avoid the overuse of cultural ties as a determinant of electing political leadership. Secondly, the study recommends that to encourage good governance and accountability, the government should encourage people to think beyond their culture when electing people for political leadership. To achieve Sustainable Development Goal 16 which encourages peace, justice and strong governance institutions, the overuse of the culture without a strong basis should be avoided. The research contributes to the political history of Kenya and cultural history of Atharaka. The study is also expected to contribute to policy-making, especially on ways to curb cultural ties that may instigate conflicts and ethnicity in Kenya.
Teachings and practices of the full gospel churches of kenya on environmental conservation in Embu Evurore district, kenya
(Chuka University, 2024) Rubiri Esther Karuana
The basic subject of this study was the influence of the teachings and practices of the Full Gospel Churches of Kenya on environmental conservation in Embu Evurore District. God created the environment and the natural resources therein and ordered man to be its steward. Environmental degradation continues to be prevalent in Embu Evurore District through deforestation, soil erosion, siltation, and synthetic litter garbage, among others. The FGCK is active in environmental conservation, which is a pillar enshrined in its National Development Project. The church enlightens congregants by teaching them environmental practices to avert degradation. This process is referred to as environmental evangelism. However, the rate of environmental degradation is alarming, hence the concern in this study. The study’s task was to evaluate the influence of the teachings and practices of FGCK on environmental conservation in the Embu Evurore District. The study was guided by the following objectives: To find out ways the congregants practice the teachings on environmental conservation in Embu Evurore District. To examine the effectiveness of the environmental conservation measures practiced in FGCK Embu Evurore District and to establish ways to improve the practices of environmental conservation in Embu Evurore District. The study outcome is important to future researchers in eco-theology, the church leaders and policymakers, and the congregants. Literature was reviewed on church teachings on environmental conservation, practices of church teachings on environmental conservation, effectiveness of environmental practices, and ways to improve environmental conservation. Behaviour Change Theory by B.F Skinner was used. In this theory, the individuals are victims of their society, which determines their behaviour. The study covered Embu Evurore District, an ecclesiastical District in the Full Gospel Churches of Kenya. The district has five Local Churches. A descriptive research design was adopted for the study. The study used questionnaires and interview schedules to collect the necessary information. An observation schedule was used to collect evidence of the effectiveness of environmental conservation measures used. Random sampling was used to identify the respondents among the congregants, while purposive sampling was used to identify the leaders to be interviewed. Using random and purposive sampling, 327 respondents from a population of 2032 congregants formed the sample for data collection. The collected data was analysed and presented through tabulation, charts, and graphs. From the findings, congregants’ methods of environmental conservation contributed to the conservation of the environment in Embu Evurore District. The study established that environmental conservation in FGCK Embu Evurore District was not adequate. The study recommended further support and improved structure to strengthen the practices to achieve tangible results. Further research can be done on Christian’s response to mitigate climate change. The study is significant in Eco-Theology and religious studies as it provides literature for future studies.
Spatial variations in the adoption of agroforestry by small scale farmers in tharaka nithi county, kenya
(Chuka University, 2024) Mugambi Henry Murithi
Agroforestry is vital for sustainable land use. Various efforts have been initiated to enhance adoption of agroforestry in Tharaka Nithi County. Despite the efforts made, farmers are yet to fully adopt agroforestry in Tharaka Nithi County. There is paucity of information regarding spatial variations in the adoption of agroforestry. This study therefore aimed to investigate spatial variations in adoption of agro forestry in Tharaka Nithi County. The study was based on the Rogers Adoption-Diffusion Model. The study utilized a cross-sectional survey research design. The target population was 43,231 small scale farmers in Tharaka Nithi County. Simple random sampling was employed to select 220 farmers to participate in the study. The data for the study was collected using questionnaires for farmers. Reliability of the instruments was tested using Cronbach's Alpha which obtained reliability co efficient of above 0.9 for all variables indicating that the findings are reliable and can be used to inform policy. Validity of the research instruments was ensured by basing the variables on relevant theoretical foundation. Validity of the constructs was also assessed through content validity ratio and all the constructs attained the 0.7 threshold indicating the validity of the instrument. Findings indicated spatial distribution in the adoption of agroforestry among small scale farmers in the sub counties in Tharaka Nithi County. Findings further showed that that soil fertility, topography, soil color, soil depth, rainfall variability, flooding, temperatures and occupation are factors that accounted for spatial variations in agroforestry. Findings on objective three which was to examine the spatial variability in the adoption of agroforestry among small scale farmers in Tharaka Nithi County, the study obtained Pseudo R2 values of .710 for soil type, .806 for climatic conditions, .560 for landscape, for climatic conditions .039, for social factors.048 and.781 for cultural factors indicating that all these factors (all with p values> 0.05) accounted for spatial variations in agroforestry. Based on objective three to investigate the intensity of adoption of agroforestry the P values obtained for local cattle breeds were 0.042 and 0.018< 0.05 indicating that adoption of local cattle breed was significant. Adoption of Zero Grazing was not significant with P values 0.370 and 0.072 > 0.05 while adoption of enclosed own firm was significant with p values 0.000 and 0.00221< 0.005. Adoption of free grazing was also significant with P values 0.032 and 0.0029< 0.005. The findings of the study will be crucial in informing current agroforestry technology adoption decision by the farmers within Tharaka Nithi County guided by identification of constraints (socio-economic, cultural and geophysical) that hinder wide adoption of agroforestry. The findings will also be useful to agencies working with the local communities to improve agricultural production through improved farming practices through scaled advocacy and provision of support to the farmers.
Selected psychosocial predictors of criminal behaviour among inmates in Kirinyaga county, kenya
(Chuka University, 2024) Mwai Linda Wakabu
Criminal behaviour is not only a national concern but also a global concern due to its devastating effects not only to the inmates but also to the family members of the inmates. Criminal behaviour is the product of a systematic process that involves complex interactions between personal behaviour, interactions with the physical environment, other people, groups and institutions. Therefore, there is a highly significant association between criminal behaviour and psychological and social predictors. This has been due to underlying issues behind criminal behaviour including psychosocial predictors such as Emotional instability, self-esteem, stress, social disorganization and drugs and substance abuse which were also on increase in the society. This study therefore examined the psychosocial predictors of criminal behaviour among inmates in Kirinyaga county, Kenya. The study adopted the Cognitive behavioural therapy by Aaron Beck and modeling theory by Albert Bandura to explain the predictors of criminal behaviour. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Kirinyaga county has two prisons namely Kerugoya GK prison and Gathigiriri prison with a population of 500. Systematic sampling as well as simple random sampling procedure helped in selecting a total of 277 respondents comprising 267 inmates and 10 prison wardens. Questionnaires assisted in collection of data from prisoners while interview schedules were presented to the prison wardens. The findings from questionnaires presented quantitative data while findings from the interview schedules presented qualitative data. The research study was piloted in Embu GK prison, this was to ensure reliability where test-retest method was used and questionnaires were administered twice to test the reliability of the instruments. Pearson Product- Moment Correlation formula was incorporated during the calculation of correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient of 0.85 was achieved from the questionnaires. Data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences version 22 and presented the findings using frequency distribution tables. The study found out that Emotional instability, self-esteem, stress, social disorganization and drugs and substance abuse predicted criminal behaviour among inmates in Kirinyaga county Kenya.It was concluded that frustration and failure to be appreciated by parents resulted to low selfesteem which in return leads to criminal behaviour as a way of seeking attention and proving ones worth, idleness and boredom were key causes of Emotional instability and crime like aggression, violence and assault. Most regular offenders were stressed and felt that they needed to be assisted from stress rather than being convicted as criminals. Community disorganization was a major cause of crime and therefore needs to be addressed and improved to reduce crime rates. Availability of drugs and substance abuse resulted in many people using them regularly leading to irrational and violent behaviour. The study recommends that the national and county government creates jobs to occupy majority of the young in the society, teachers and parents need to handle children in a way that helps them develop self-esteem, the government needs to facilitate basic guidance and counseling training to law enforcement officers inorder to help them address criminality psychologically rather than through imprisonment, the church needs to tailor their activities to address disorganization in the community and the county government in liaison with National Council Against Drug Abuse needs to limit licensing of bars as well as sensitizing the community on drug abuse.
Racial contestations in the black lives matter movement: the memoir approach
(Chuka University, 2024) Gitonga James
Extensive research has been conducted on racism in African American literature. Much of this literary scholarship has predominantly utilized a fictional approach, thereby marginalizing actual human experiences. This study attempted to fill the gap by examining racial contestations during the Black Lives Matter Movement through memoirs, specifically Me and White Supremacy by Layla F. Saad and When They Call You a Terrorist; A Black Lives Matter Memoir by Patrisse Khan-Cullors and Asha Bandele. The study was guided by two objectives: To examine the memoiric techniques employed in the selected works and to investigate racial reception by the people of colour in the chosen memoirs. The investigation revealed how binaries range from general contrasts like light/dark and white/black to more complex and culturally significant elements such as man/woman, colonizer/colonized, and self/other. A postcolonial theoretical framework, particularly Edward Said's concept of Orientalism was adopted to examine racial contestations in the selected memoirs. This theoretical strand provided an interpretive framework to interrogate how white supremacists exercise dominance and hegemony over others. The literature review underscored the importance of this study, demonstrating that racial studies have historically subjected people of colour to stereotypes, necessitating the memoir as a tool to counter inherent hegemony. Being qualitative in nature, the study, relied heavily on close reading and analysis of the texts, supported by secondary sources such as journals, dissertations, internet sources, and other relevant materials. The study is organized into six chapters. The first chapter provides the background, outlining the problem, objectives, and research questions. Chapter two covers the literature review, critical reception of the memoirs under scrutiny and theoretical framework, while chapter three discusses methodology and ethical considerations. Chapter four examines the memoiric techniques, detailing the uniqueness of presentation in the memoir genre through truth telling, emotional Journey of the narrator and the first-person narrative voice. Chapter five explores the racial reception by the people of colour,arguing that the cradle of power lies with the hegemon due to white Supremacy and racial stereotyping. Chapter six presents the findings, showing that memoirs, through their unique techniques, diverge from fictional genres in recounting the experiences of people of colour. Furthermore, it demonstrated that the marginalization of the other persists due to white supremacy, which fosters white privilege. As such, future research should investigate how white-authored memoirs portray racial conflicts and explore whether Black Supremacy concept exists. This study is significant as it presents the memoir as an indispensable tool to present actual human experiences.
Post-colonial change in male circumcision and its influence on morality of the youths in Tigania, kenya (1963 - 2023)
(Chuka University, 2024) Rukunga Paul Thuranira
The purpose of the study was to analyze the post-colonial change in male circumcision and its influence on the morality of youths in Tigania from 1963 to 2023. Traditional circumcision was one of the cultural practices that marked the transition of an individual from childhood to adulthood; it also influenced the morality of the youths in Tigania community both negatively or positively. However, the postcolonial change in Tigania has undergone significance change from traditional to modern male circumcision, which has created notable cultural shift and conflicting ideas in Tigania community. The main objectives of this study were to establish the role of male circumcision in influencing morality of youths in Tigania community, to examine the post-colonial change in male circumcision in Tigania from 1963 to 2023 and finally the study assessed the role of emerging trends in male circumcision in influencing the morality of youths in Tigania by 2023. The descriptive research design was employed by the study, the study was conducted in Tigania East and Tigania West. The target population of 47,553 which was drawn from four wards, which were purposively sampled because they adapted modernization earlier than other areas in Tigania, these wards include, Kianjai, Kiguchwa-Michimikuru, Muthara and Mikinduri. The concept of data saturation was used and it was achieved at 38th respondent when all themes began to be repetitive. Snowballing technique was used to select the respondent. The Indepth Interview Guide, Focus Group Discussion and Observation are instruments used for data collection. Descriptive narrative design was used and the data was analysed qualitatively using historical narrative, thematic and document analysis guided by the research objectives. Data was evaluated through internal and external criticism, data contextualization, and colligation of events. The study corroborated the oral sources, archival information from Kenya National Archives (KNA) and the relevant secondary data. Data interpretation was done through the use the acculturation theory. The study established that the traditional circumcision played a significant role in influencing the morality of youths both negatively and positively. It was also found that the post-colonial change in male circumcision transformed the traditional detailed rite of circumcision to a modern way of circumcision through urbanization, economic constrains, modern school system and government policies. These catalysts of change led to emerging blended trends in male circumcision that has continued to influence on the morality of youths significantly.The reduction of traditional detailed circumcision practices has led to significant lose of the moral values of the Tigania community although there are also some significant benefits that the youths have gained by losing some negative aspects of the traditional circumcision. Some Tigania youths have also improved their self awareness through modern education and instructions during the alternative rites of passage. It was also noted that some youths started to engage in negative aggressive behavior such as sexual immorality and disrespectful character after undergoing circumcision. The study recommends for the Government of Kenya through the Ministry of Gender, Culture the Art and Heritage to establish a blended approach of circumcision that borrows the positive elements of traditional circumcision and combines with the positive modern circumcision practices to enhance the morality of youths. This contributes to Sustainable Development Goal on decent work and Economic Growth and also the cultural historiography among the Tigania community.
Mwendelezo wa tamthilia ya mashetani (1971) katika mashetani wamerudi (2016): uhakiki wa kimwingilianomatini
(Chuka University, 2024) Mutuma Kenneth Mugambi
Utafiti huu ulichunguza mwendelezo wa tamthilia ya Mashetani (1971) katika Mashetani Wamerudi (2016). Malengo ya utafiti huu yalikuwa: kuchunguza mwendelezo wa maudhui ya tamthilia ya Mashetani (Hussien, 1971) katika Mashetani Wamerudi (Mohamed, 2016), Kutathimini athari za mwendelezo wa mtindo katika Mashetani kwenye Mashetani Wamerudi na kubainisha viwango vya mwingilianomatini katika tamthilia za Mashetani na Mashetani Wamerudi. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na nadharia ya Mwingilianomatini iliyoasisiwa na Julia Kristeva (1986). Mwingilianomatini ni dhana inayoonyesha kutegemeana, kuhusiana na kuathiriana kwa matini. Hii ina maana kuwa kazi za fasihi hurejelea na kuendeleza kazi tangulizi. Kulingana na Kristeva kazi ya fasihi huonyesha kuathiriana na matini nyingine, huzigeuza na kuziendeleza kwa ubunifu. Mihimili iliyoongoza utafiti huu ni pamoja na: matini yoyote ile ni madadiliko ya mpangilio wa matini nyingine, kazi za fasihi huundwa kutokana na mifumo ya kanuni na tamaduni mbalimbali zilizowekwa na kazi tangulizi. Matini za fasihi huchota, kunukuu na kuiga kazi nyingine. Data ya utafiti ilipatikana maktbani kutokana na usomaji na uchambuzi wa matini teule. Sampuli ya kimaksudi ilitumika kuteua tamthilia za Mashetani na Mashetani Wamerudi kwa sababu matini hizi zinadhihirisha mwingiliano wa aina fulani. Vipengele vinavyodhihirisha mwingilianomatini vilibainishwa na kuchanganuliwa ili kuonyesha mwendelezo wa kimatini uliopo. Utafiti huu umedhihirisha kwamba kuna mwendelezo wa tamthilia ya Mashetani katika Mashetani Wamerudi. Imebainika kwamba mwandishi wa tamthilia ya Mashetani Wamerudi ameiga, amerejelea na kuendeleza tamthilia ya Mashetani katika kiwango cha maudhui, mtindo na viwango vya kimwingilianomatini. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yaliashiria kuwa kuna mwendelezo wa maudhui ya Ukoloni mamboleo, elimu ya kibwege, utabaka na ufisadi ni baadhi ya masual makuu amabyo yanajitokeza katika tamthilia ya Mashetani Wamerudi. Katika lengo la pili utafiti umethibitisha kuwa Said Mohamed amerejelea na kuiga mtindo wa kiutunzi wa mtangulizi wake. Matumizi ya mtindo wa usimulizi, nyimbo, majigambo, ushairi na maigizo ni baadhi ya vipengele vya kiutunzi ambavyo vimetumika kama malighafi ya kiutunzi katika kazi ya Said Mohamed. Hatimaye, utafiti huu ulibainisha kuwa kuna urejelezi wa moja kwa moja wa tamthilia ya Mashetani kupitia njia zifuatazo: Urejelezi wa matini za Kihistoria, urejelezi wa kiutohozi pamoja na uigaji. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yataweka msingi kwa waandishi na walimu wa fasihi katika kuonyesha jinsi fasihi inavyoingiliana kwa kurejelea vipindi tofauti vya kihistoria na kiutamanduni.
Assessment of the contribution of the Anglican church in addressing the boy child crisis in the diocese of Embu, kenya
(Chuka University, 2024) Nyaga Moses Murithi
Leaders from Embu County have raised red flags over the diminishing numbers of boys in some schools and involvement in crime as well as drug abuse. Within the Anglican Church of Kenya, Diocese of Embu boy child is rated behind in education, a situation that might lead to lack of male leadership in future. This has translated to gender imbalances at higher educational levels which in turns hinders social mobility. The impact of this neglect on the boy child’s life is that; some have dropped out of school leading to high number of uneducated boys, others have joined outlawed sects, others have engaged into drugs and substance abuse, violence, manipulation by politicians in electioneering period among other criminal activities. The Church as a social institution is mandated to bridge gaps within the society. The purpose of this research was to access the ways in which the Anglican Church Diocese of Embu can address the boy child crisis. The objectives of the study were: to establish the nature and extent of boy child crisis in the Anglican Diocese of Embu; to investigate why there were no programs within the Anglican Church Diocese of Embu addressing the boy child crisis, and finally to suggest ways in which the Anglican Church Diocese of Embu can address the boy child crisis. This study was significant because it addressed the plight of the boys in Church and society. The study also contributed in the field of sociology of religion because it dealt with the role of religion in society. It adopted Structural Functionalism theory which addresses social interactions and relationships, and their role on development and growth of human beings in the society. The study employed cross sectional descriptive study design. The target population was 26108 men, women and boy child in ACK Churches in the Diocese of Embu. The study involved 50 Churches stratified into 7 archdeaconries and a sample of 254 men and women, and 73 boy child selected by Stratified Proportionate random sampling. The researcher purposively selected 21 Clergy and 35 Church elders. The total sample size for the study was 383 respondents, and questionnaires, interview schedules and focus group discussions were used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used to analyze the data. Analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 26.0 computer software for Windows and then presented it in form of tables and charts form. The findings highlighted various challenges faced by boys, including risky sexual behaviors, involvement in crime, domestic violence, economic hardships, and mental health issues. Gender disparities in education contributed to lower academic performance and increased vulnerability. Barriers such as insufficient mobilization, financial constraints, lack of skilled personnel, and community reluctance towards church programs limited effective intervention. Additionally, pastoral efforts in schools and boy child-focused seminars showed promise. The study recommended enhancing community engagement and passion for the well-being of boys, along with further research on societal pressures, training needs for crisis management, and spiritual development.
A critical analysis of the co-relationship between Nietzsche’s concept of moral relativism and same-sex sexual relationship as a contemporary moral issue.
(Chuka University, 2024) Nafuma Lusabe Lennoxie
This research delves deeply into the profound ways in which Friedrich Nietzsche's ideas on moral relativism influence contemporary perspectives on sexual morality, paying particular attention to same-sex relationships. By thoroughly exploring Nietzsche's philosophical concepts, the study meticulously dissects the intricate complexities inherent in moral discussions and the quest for personal freedom. Through an exhaustive analysis, it contrasts Nietzsche's radical thoughts with long-standing traditional moral values, illustrating how his ground-breaking ideas have significantly reshaped modern perspectives and legal frameworks surrounding same-sex relationships. In its scope, the research investigates a wide range of cultural and regional viewpoints, thus emphasizing the global significance and diverse interpretations of Nietzsche's philosophy. The study rigorously addresses potential criticisms and practical challenges associated with applying Nietzsche's relativism to modern moral debates, offering a balanced and comprehensive analysis. This nuanced examination aims to enrich the broader conversation on morality, fostering deeper critical thinking. Additionally, the research delves into historical contexts to illustrate how Nietzsche‘s philosophy interacted with and sometimes clashed with the established norms of his time, compared to its reception in today's world. It also examines the legal implications of Nietzschean thought on policies and frameworks concerning same-sex relationships across various societies. The study employs historical method complimented by phenomenological method to draw a comparison between Nietzsche‘s moral relativism and same-sex relationships as an example of an ethical issue requiring detailed insight through the use of both the philosophical-historical method and the phenomenological approach. The study underscores the importance of understanding these philosophical underpinnings to fully appreciate modern views on sexual morality. It not only aims to highlight Nietzsche‘s influence but also seeks to engage readers in a reflective dialogue about the nature and evolution of moral judgments. By doing so, it aspires to contribute meaningfully to ongoing discussions about equality, acceptance, and the ever-evolving standards of what constitutes moral behaviour in contemporary times. Through this ambitious scholarly endeavour, the research aims to spark continued interest and dialogue in Nietzschean philosophy and its application to today's moral and ethical landscape. Moreover, the study extends its analysis to a broader spectrum, exploring different dimensions and implications of Nietzsche's moral relativism across various facets of modern life. This approach not only enriches the understanding of Nietzsche's philosophy but also emphasizes its enduring impact on the ongoing debates about sexual morality, legal rights, and societal responses to same-sex relationships.
A critical analysis of Thomas Hobbes’ political theory and its relevance in public participation for effective governance under constitution of Kenya 2010
(Chuka University, 2024) Kobia Josphat Kaume
This study explored the topic of a critical analysis of Thomas Political Theory and its relevance in public participation for effective governance under the Kenyan constitution 2010.Public participation is viewed as a mechanism by which the citizens contribute towards governance and service delivery. It was informed by continuous lawsuits that quashed and overturned government’s decisions for not involving the public in considering their views before developing its policies despite the fact that public participation principle is enshrined in the constitution. Thomas Hobbes was a seventeenth century political philosopher and his political theory emphasizes on governance, formation of state and submission of the individual to the sovereign. For him, formation of the state is an initiative of the members of the public who come together and form a society with one appointed as the sovereign so as to bring checks and balances. Public participation is a basic component of democracy enshrined in the Kenyan constitution 2010. The purpose of this study was to critically examine and emphasize the role of public participation and its implication in democratic governance in Kenya and account the reason for the introduction of public participation under the Kenyan constitution 2010.The study was guided by three objectives: To analyze the theory of Thomas Hobbes on the necessity to move from the state of nature to the formation of society, To draw inferences from Hobbes’ theory with Kenyan context on public participation, To examine the nexus between public participation and good governance in reference to Kenya post 2010. Lack of proper and adequate public participation has led to misuse of public resources and increased the rate of corruption since no accountability. The assumption of this study was that though public participation has been conducted, it has not been effectively implemented as stipulated in the constitution. It was guided by Thomas Hobbes political theory. The theory emphasizes on public participation, consent and consensus in formation of government. The study was library based and the researcher used purposive sampling method to purposely sample fifteen books that were inclined to materials related to public participation and Thomas Hobbes political theory on governance in Kenya. The data were collected through reading of texts both published and unpublished Descriptive research design was used for it enabled the description of state of affairs in governance as they were in Kenya post 2010 constitution. It established that public participation contributes in effective governance, peace building and trust since citizens feel their voice is heard. It also established that corruption and misuse of public resources was contributed by lack of adequate public participation since there is no accountability. The Study was done in Chuka University, Catholic University of Eastern Africa and Consolata Institute of Philosophy libraries. The study adopted descriptive design and used critical method that questions assumptions, examine evidence, identify biases, and striving for a deeper understanding of public participation in Kenya. Critical method offered an internal or immanent criticism to the governance in Kenya under 2010 constitution. The study emphasized on the importance of effective feedback mechanisms by government to ensure implementation of decisions reached through citizen participation. It found out that public participation is an important principle of governance. It was also revealed that all county governance structures should ensure decisions reached through public participation and consensus building forums are strictly implemented. Instituting appropriate and adequate engagement forums for inclusivity, equality and effective citizen participation in management and development matters was emphasized for the development of policy that promotes effective governance. These findings significantly contributed to the understanding of the role of public participation on performance of devolved governance systems in Kenya.
Impact of prosperity gospel in selected neo-pentecostal movements in Karingani ward, Tharaka Nithi county, Kenya
(Chuka University, 2024) Kinoti Evans
The prosperity gospel has spread from the West to other parts of the world, attracting many followers, mainly in the south, especially in Africa. The African Continent is viewed expectant of redemption from poverty, famine, diseases, and other forms of evil. Hence, the entrance of any institution that claims to bring remedy is much welcomed. In Kenya, Neo-Pentecostal movements have stretched from Urban to Rural areas. Karingani ward in Tharaka Nithi county is a representative where NeoPentecostal movements indicate growth in numbers from 2010 to 2024. This compelled an investigation into how prosperity teaching influenced individual followers of prosperity gospel in social, economic, and political aspects. This study investigated the impact of the prosperity gospel in selected Neo-Pentecostal movements in Karingani Ward, Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. The following objectives guided the study: To examine the impacts of the prosperity gospel on the social aspect of an individual follower in the neo-Pentecostal movement in Karingani Ward; to evaluate the economic influence of prosperity gospel on individual followers in neo-Pentecostal movement in Karingani Ward and to assess the impacts of the prosperity gospel on the political aspect of individual followers in the neo-Pentecostal movement in Karingani ward. This research answered the following research questions: What is the impact of the prosperity gospel on societal aspects among followers of neo-Pentecostal movements within Karingani Ward? How has the prosperity gospel influenced followers economically at an individual level in Karingani Ward? Moreover, what is the impact of the prosperity gospel on the political aspect of its followers in Karingani Ward? Emile Durkheim’s Functionalism theory guided the study. A descriptive survey research design was employed in the study. The study was conducted in six neoPentecostal churches, namely Deliverance church, World Harvest, Evangelical Kingdom, Breaking Limitation, Grace Chapel, and Jesus Winners within Karingani ward in Tharaka Nithi County. The research targeted an estimated population of 1049 members from the 6 selected churches. The sample was obtained through Yamane's (1967) sampling formula, with a cluster and purposive technique used to attain a sample size of 294. Tools for data collection were Questionnaires, interviews, and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The qualitative data from interviews and FGDs was analyzed using the thematic analysis method. Further, descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data collected using questionnaires with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. The findings indicated that prosperity gospel had positive and negative impacts on its followers. The teaching had negative effects on the social aspect and a positive influence on the economic and political aspects. It was concluded that productive prosperity gospel could be useful in the fight against poverty and unemployment. This thesis makes some recommendations that, when applied, could transform new religious movements. The findings of this study benefit the church, sociologists, and psychologists of religion and add to the existing religious body of knowledge on the impact of the prosperity gospel on its followers in terms of social, economic and political aspects in the field of new religious movements.
Analysis of socio-economic and ecological usefulness of urban farming in Nkubu town, Meru county, Kenya
(Chuka University, 2024) Kawira Bridget
For a long time, agriculture has been seen as an activity that better fits in the rural areas. Nevertheless, this is no longer true in the current world where urbanization has been on the rise, hence reducing the agricultural lands. There has also been an increase in the rural –urban migration, which means high demand for food in the urban areas. This has led to increased urban farming hence attracting a number of researchers to carry out research work on the same. In as much as urban farming has attracted much attention from researchers, this study will narrow down to the socio-economic and the ecological utility of urban farming systems in Nkubu town, Meru County. The study was directed by the following objectives: to map out the spatial distribution of town regions where urban farming is practised in Nkubu town; to establish the socio-economic benefits of different urban farming systems in Nkubu; to examine the ecological usefulness of urban farming systems in Nkubu; to identify emerging challenges of urban farming systems in Nkubu. The study sampled 95 households actively practising urban farming in the town. Primary and secondary data was used to enrich the study findings. The study used the concurrent mixed method approach, which entails collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data at the same time in order to support the findings. Landsat 8 images of Nkubu for 2010-2020 were obtained to help identify the greenness index in the town for the stated years. The study revealed that most parts of the town practise urban farming with crop production leading at 54.40%, mixed farming 36.70% and animal rearing only at 8.90%. The study also revealed that farming activities increased as one moves from the town. The study revealed that many farmers practise urban farming as a source of income and employment. For the ecological usefulness of urban farming, the Landsat 8 images were analysed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. (NDVI). They revealed that the green spaces have been reducing with time in the town and this brings about the issue of reduction in air purifiers and ground water infiltration in the town. The study concluded that urban farming is very vital in the town and has great benefits when maximally practised. This study recommends promotion of more knowledge sharing networks, promotion of crop diversification and uptake of the new urban farming technologies
Selected extrinsic motivation factors as determinants of engagement in psychotherapy among clients: a case of mathari national teaching and referral hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
(Counseling Psychology, 2024-10) Lio Meek Mutheu
Psychotherapy relies on verbal communication between mental health providers and clients to achieve set goals, with client engagement being essential for successful therapeutic outcomes. In Nairobi's mental health facilities, non-engaged clients often abscond, fail to comply with therapeutic instructions, and miss sessions, indicating that extrinsic motivation may be necessary to encourage their participation. Therefore, this study examined selected extrinsic motivation factors as determinants of engagement in psychotherapy among clients. The objectives of this study were to examine how coercion, social stigma and psycho-education determine engagement in psychotherapy among clients in Mathari National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. This study utilized a descriptive survey study research design as this design allowed for evaluating the study variables without any manipulation. The total population for this study were 200 respondents in Mathari National Teaching and Referral Hospital and a sample size of 132 respondents was an adequate representation of the population. Proportionate sampling was used to determine the number of clients and psychologists, which provided a sample size constituting of 119 clients and 13 psychologists. An exclusion criterion was utilized to determine the appropriate clients for participation in the study and all clients with extreme emotional and cognitive deregulation were excluded from this study. Data was collected by use of a questionnaire utilizing a Likert scale, and from an interview guide to enable triangulation. To test the reliability, Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient was used and the reliability coefficient threshold of 0.86 was considered as appropriate for the instrument. The research instruments were validated through a pilot study and expert feedback from supervisors in Chuka University. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27 and through a thematic analysis. The results concluded that coercion and social stigma were negative determinants of engagement among clients, while psychoeducation was a positive determinant of engagement among clients in Mathari National Teaching and Referral Hospital. Therefore coercion and social stigma were overall a detriment to client engagement while psycho-education bolstered engagement among clients. The recommendations of the study were to develop individualized therapy plans that consider each client's unique needs, to minimize coercion and social stigma in relation to psychotherapy, to focus on promoting client autonomy, to adapt interactive psycho-education practices which promote participation in psychotherapy, and to empower clients to advocate for their specific psychotherapeutic needs.
Usawiri wa mwonoulimwengu katika ngano za wandia
(Chuka University, 2024) Mwai Felix Njine
IKISIRI (ABSTRACT) Utafiti huu ulilenga kuchunguza usawiri wa mwonoulimwengu wa Wandia katika ngano teule. Ngano zilizoteuliwa ni Kabindura, Wacuka, Kamwagirwa na Kibuyu cha baba, Muya na dada yake Cinji, Thigiti na Kanyonyo, Mkutano wa Wanyama wa porini na ndovu na fisi. Malengo ya utafiti yalikuwa kudhihirisha jinsi mwonoulimwengu wa kijamii, kiuchumi na kisiasa ulivyojitokeza katika ngano za Wandia na kutathmini jinsi sauti ya simulizi na mtazamo zilivyotumiwa kusimulia mwonoulimwengu katika ngano teule za Wandia. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na nadharia ya naratorojia iliyoasisiwa na Plato (428-348kk) na kundelezwa na Propp (1928),Tondorov (1969),Genette(1980) na Bal (1999). Nadharia ya naratolojia hutumika katika hadithi, mfuatano wa matukio kiusababishi, kutambua njia mbalimbali za usimulizi wa hadithi na kipengele cha wahusika. Mihimili ya nadharia ya naratojia ilisaidia utafiti huu katika kuhakiki mwonoulimwengu wa Wandia kwa kubainisha mbinu za usimulizi, nafasi ya wakala wa simulizi na mtazamo wa Fanani. Utafiti ulijikita nyanjani ambapo Wanjira wa Rukenya alitamba ngano kumi. Mbinu ya sampuli ya kimaksudi ilitumika katika uteuzi wa ngano sita zilizotumika katika utafiti huu. Ukusanyaji wa data ulitokana na usimulizi wa ngano teule uliotekelezwa na Fanani Wanjira wa Rukenya, unukuzi kwa lahaja ya Kindia na kutafsiri matini kwa Kiswahili Sanifu. Mafungu yaliyoonyesha vipengele vya mwonoulimwengu wa kijamii, kiuchumi na kisiasa yalinukuliwa kwa njia ya maelezo kulingana na malengo ya utafiti. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yalibainisha kuwa utunzi wa ngano teule ulikitwa kwenye tajriba ya Wandia ambayo ndiyo msingi wa fasiri wa mwonoulimwengu wao. Aidha, watunzi wa ngano teule walidhihirisha misimamo yao kiitikadi kuhusu suala la mwonoulimwengu wa Wandia. Utafiti utafaidi jamii ya wasomi kuelewa zaidi dhana ya mwonoulimwengu na nafasi yake katika utambulisho wa upekee wa jamii. Utafiti utaonyesha njia nyingine ya kuzichanganua ngano kwa kutumia nadharia ya naratolojia. Walimu wa Kiswahili katika shule za upili na vyuo vikuu watanufaika kwa kutumia tafsiri ya ngano hizi kufundishia fasihi simulizi. Aidha, hekima inayotokana na utafiti huu itakuwa nyongeza ya mchango kwa dafina ya maarifa ya fasihi simulizi ya Kiafrika. Utafiti ulipendekeza tafiti zaidi zifanywe ili kubainisha mwonoulimwengu katika vipera vingine vya fasihi simulizi. Hali kadhalika mwonoulimwengu unaweza kutafitiwa kwa kutumia nadharia zingine tofauti na naratolojia. ABSTRACT(ENGLISH) This research aimed to investigate the worldview of the Ndia people as portrayed in their oral narratives. The selected oral narratives used in this research were Kabindura, Wacuka, Kamwagirwa and The Fathers Gourd, Muya and his sister Cinji, Thigiti and Kanyonyo, The meeting of the Wild Animals and The Elephant and The Hyena. The objectives of the study focuses on showing how social, economic and political worldview are depicted in Ndia oral narratives and to assess how the narrative voice and focalization were used in narration of worldview in Ndia oral narratives. The study was guided by the theory of narratology whose proponent is Plato (428-348BC) and developed by Propp (1928), Tondorov (1969), Genette (1980) and Bal (1999). The theory of narratology deals with the story, causative sequence of events, ways and means of narrating a story and the aspect of characterization. The tenets of narratology used in this research were to recognize different ways of narrating a story, the causative sequence of events, the narrative agent and the narrators ideology. The study was carried out in the field whereby narrator Wanjira wa Rukenya narrated ten oral narratives. Purposeful sampling method was used to obtain a sample of six oral narratives used in this research. Data was obtained through narration of selected oral narratives by Wanjira wa Rukenya, transcription in Kindia dialect and translation to Standard Swahili. Sentences that portayed aspects of social, economic and political worldviews were selected from the text. Data was analysed and presented through discourse according to the research objectives. The research findings confirmed that composition of the selected narratives was based on the experiences of the Ndia people which laid the basis for depiction of their worldview. On the other hand, composers of selected oral narratives revealed their ideological perspectives about the worldview of the Ndia people.The research will benefit researchers to understand better the concept of worldview and its place in identification and speciality of a community. The study shows another way of analyzing narratives using the theory of narratology. Kiswahili teachers in secondary schools and teachers in universities will benefit by using the selected oral narratives in teaching of oral narratives. The findings of this research will be an addition of contribution to knowledge of African Literature.
Motherhood and intersectionality in black women’s literature: an analysis of Buchi Emecheta’s The Joys Of Motherhood and Edwidge Dancticat’s breath, eyes, memory
(Chuka University, 2024) Kamankura Nelly Gatuti
Black female characters in literature have attracted immense interest from both writers and critics, with many scholars exploring the portrayal of black women through the lens of western ideologies on feminism. Within these feminist studies, little research has been carried out on the social and cultural contexts or circumstances that shape motherhood, that is, societal expectations of what black motherhood should entail. Minimal attention has been paid on how these contexts shape black motherhood and the depiction of black mothers in literature in Africa and the Caribbean. This study has attempted to fill this gap by analyzing Edwidge Dancticat’s Breath, Eyes, Memory which is set in the Caribbean and partly in the United States, and Buchi Emecheta’s The Joys of Motherhood, based in an African context, in order to understand the portrayal of black motherhood in the two contexts. The study was guided by two objectives; first, to explore the socio-cultural contexts of black mothers in the two novels, and secondly, to analyze black mother characterization in order to get insights into the world of mothers and the environments that shape them into the mothers that they are. Black feminism theory as advanced by Kimberle Crenshaw was used in this study to analyze data on literary representation of black motherhood. The argument that the experiences of black women are shaped by a combination of race, class and gender, resulting in discrimination of black women was crucial in the analysis, in order to reveal what influences the character of black mothers in the two contexts. Literature on studies concerning black mothers, black motherhood, women in literature, socio-cultural contexts of women’s writings and experiences of women in literature has been reviewed in order to reveal the gap that this study fills. A qualitative research design was used and analysis of the two novels was done using close textual reading. Data was collected from the two primary texts and secondary sources emanating from the internet and the library, such as literary journals and periodicals. The study used literature review matrix and theoretical framework matrix as the main tools for data collection. The major conclusions of the study are that: black mothers resist oppressive structures in the society in their quest for their identities in the two novels under study, black mothers go through emotional and physical pain in their struggle to create a good life for their children, mothers go against cultural expectations to be good mothers to their children, the society fails to view mothers as sexual beings once they deliver babies or are nursing and this affects them as mothers and finally, various factors such as religion, education, culture, gender and morality intersect to cause oppression on black mothers. This study contributes to the ongoing debate on women, gender and motherhood studies.
Contribution of the catholic church in addressing environmental crisis in Chuka Igambang’ombe sub-county, Kenya
(Chuka University, 2024) Gitonga Sarah Kagendo
Environmental conservation is integral in combating global climate change in the twenty first century. The Catholic Church in Kenya has integrated environmental conservation into its mission and aligned it with its apostolic mandate to care for the spiritual and social welfare of humanity. In Chuka Igambang’ombe Sub-County, the Church participates in tree planting, river rehabilitation, soil conservation, and environmental campaigns during the World Environmental Day. However, despite these efforts, environmental challenges persist, including; deforestation, pollution, inadequate clean water sources, drought, and blocked drainage systems. This study aimed at evaluating the Contribution of the Catholic Church in addressing the environmental crisis in Chuka Igambang’ombe Sub-County. The objectives were to identify causes of environmental degradation in Chuka Igambang’ombe Sub-County, examine the Church's role in addressing environmental crisis in Chuka Igambang’ombe Sub-County, and assess Biblical and theological justifications of the Church involvement in environmental conservation. The study was guided by Liberative Solidarity theory which states that all creation needs to be liberated from oppression. A descriptive survey research design using qualitative and quantitative method was utilized. The study was carried in Chuka Igambang’ombe in Tharaka Nithi County which comprised of 10 parishes. A population of 15574 Church members comprising of 20 priests, 20 Development officials, 3663 youths, 4285 CMA ,7321 CWA was targeted by the survey. A sample of 10 priests, 10 Development committee members, 86 youths, 175 CWA and 98 CMA members was obtained for the study making a total of up to 389 members of the targeted population.Data was collected using questionnaires and interviews. Findings revealed significant factors contributing to environmental degradation, such as; deforestation, pollution, economic growth, burning of fossils, and population growth. The Church's approach is multifaceted, involving practical solutions, educational initiatives with theological foundations. Priests actively engaged in tree planting, construction of terraces, protection of water catchment areas, and educational seminars, showcasing a holistic commitment to environmental stewardship. Challenges, including cutting down trees, capital constraints, and scarcity of tree seedlings, were acknowledged. The study proposed several recommendations to enhance environmental conservation within the Catholic Church in Chuka Igambang’ombe Sub-County. These include, community specific conservation strategies, enhanced communication with priests, strengthened educational programs, consideration of socio-economic dimensions, collaboration with experts, and the implementation of a continuous monitoring and evaluation system. Furthermore, the study suggested avenues for further exploration, such as in depth theological studies on environmental stewardship, investigating the long-term impact of environmental conservation programs initiated by religious institutions, cross-cultural comparative studies, and exploring the potential policy implications of religious institutions' involvement in environmental conservation. These endeavors aimed to deepen understanding of environmental stewardship within religious communities and contribute to the development of effective and enduring conservation strategies
Masuala ibuka katika vipindi vya watoto: tathmini ya vikatuni vya ubongo kids
(Chuka University, 2025) Opondo Stephen Odiwuor
Utafiti huu ni wa kifasihi na ulilenga kuchanganua masuala ibuka katika vipindi vya watoto kwenye televisheni, kwa kuangazia vikatuni vya Ubongo Kids. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na nadharia ya Elimu Burudani ambayo iliwekewa msingi na Miguel Sabido (2003). Elimu Burudani ni nadharia iliyofumwa kwa lengo la kuelimisha na kubadilisha mitazamo ya jamii kupitia burudani. Nadharia hii ilimsaidia mtafiti kuelewa jinsi vikatuni vya Ubongo Kids vinavyoeleza hali halisi kuhusu maisha ya watu na jinsi watazamaji wanaweza kuchochewa kujenga maana fulani kwa kulinganisha matukio katika kipindi na maisha yao. Sampuli ya utafiti ilipatikana kwa kutumia mbinu ya usampulishaji kimaksudi. Ukusanyaji wa data ulitumia mbinu ya kiwango kifu. Hatimaye, mtafiti aliteua video 20 zilizolingana na malengo ya utafiti. Data ilikusanywa kwa kutazama visa, kauli na matendo kwenye vipindi vilivyoashiria masuala ibuka na kunukuliwa ili kurahisisha uchunguzi kuhusiana na masuala ibuka. Uchanganuzi pamoja na uwasilishaji wa data ulifanyika kwa njia ya maelezo. Utafiti ulibaini kuwa masuala ibuka katika vipindi vya vikatuni vya Ubongo Kids huwasilishwa kwa njia rahisi, yakilenga kuelimisha watoto kuhusu changamoto za sasa. Masuala yanayojitokeza kwenye vipindi hivi ni mabadiliko ya tabianchi, usafi wa mazingira, umuhimu wa lishe bora, elimu, ulinzi wa watoto, usawa wa kijinsia na matumizi salama ya teknolojia. Mafunzo yanayotolewa yanahamasisha watoto kuwa raia wanaowajibika na wanaofikiria kimkakati katika kukabiliana na matatizo ya kijamii. Utafiti huu unatarajiwa kuwafaidi walimu, wakuza mitalaa, waundaji sera, jamii na watafiti wengine kwa kuonyesha ufaafu wa vipindi vya watoto kama kiungo muhimu cha elimu kando na kuburudisha. Kwa kuchambua maudhui, uhusika, na mbinu katika kazi za kifasihi, walimu, wakuza mitalaa na watafiti wengine wataweza kuboresha maudhui ili yaambatane na masuala yanayoikumba jamii kwa sasa kwa njia inayovutia.
Representations of the african american experience through yoruba mythology: an analysis of tomi adeyemi’s Trilogy LEGACY OF ORISHA.
(Chuka University, 2025) Kobia,Eva Nkatha
Myth is the repository of the values of the society, and the writer who seeks to interpret his society must of necessity be concerned with myth. Various approaches have been adopted in the criticism of African American literature over time, including the empathy inherent in slave autobiographies, the sentimentalism of the abolitionist literature, black pride of the Harlem renaissance, the political poetry of the civil rights movement, the Black Lives Matter movement up to the modern-day digital revolution. These approaches have been enriched mainly by socio-political movements coupled with individual creativity. It is curious that despite having originated from Africa which has a rich heritage of oral traditions, writers and critics of African descent have accorded little attention to the ways in which orality contributes to the black man’s experience in America. This research attempted to fill this gap by analysing the use of Yoruba mythology in African American novels, focusing on Tomi Adeyemi’s trilogy Legacy of Orisha comprising of three texts namely Children of Blood and Bone, Children of Virtue and Vengeance and Children of Anguish and Anarchy. Three objectives guided this study: first, to explore various Yoruba myths in the trilogy Legacy of Orisha; secondly, to explore the nexus between these myths and African American experience in Tomi Adeyemi’s Legacy of Orisha; and finally, to analyse myth aesthetics in Tomi Adeyemi’s Trilogy of Orisha. The myth criticism theoretical framework pioneered by Claude Levi Strauss and advanced by later critics was adopted to examine the use of African orality and synthesize relevant mythological and diasporic issues. in the selected texts. Being qualitative in nature, the research relied on content analysis to analyse the selected novels. This study examined primary texts through purposive sampling, selecting a trilogy published between 2018 and 2024 that prominently features mythological elements. The trilogy is authored by an African American author and the texts are thematically rich in terms of socio-political issues. Secondary texts, including critical essays, theoretical works, and cultural studies, were systematically reviewed using a literature review matrix to identify key scholarly debates and gaps. The findings of this study show that the author presents fantastical elements suggesting that reconnection with ancestry can provide frameworks of resistance and identity formation. Additionally, the study reveals that the struggle over mythology is the struggle over narrative authority. Lastly, the study reveals that African mythology presents a rich narrative and symbolic depth just like traditionally favoured western mythologies. The study contributes to the scholarship practice. Pedagogically, the findings provide frameworks for teaching African mythology and Diasporic representations. The study provides insights for representations of myth which can be used for the development of reading material for children. Additionally, the research offers applications for journalism materials and media production.
An assessment of christians’ perception of christian marriage in the catholic church, our lady of visitation deanery, diocese of Embu, Kenya
(Chuka University, 2025) Mbogo, Gladwell Karimi
Marriage is one of the most important social institutions in the society. In the Catholic Church, it holds a profound religious and social significance. The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is one of the seven sacraments. It emphasizes on monogamy and indissolubility of marriage. There is lack of comprehensive research examining Christian’s practice of Christian marriage within Our Lady of Visitation Deanery. This study sought to assess Christians’ perception of Christian marriage in the Catholic Church, Our Lady of Visitation Deanery, Diocese of Embu, Kenya. The study was guided by the following objectives; to examine the role of the church teachings in shaping perception of Christian marriage, to evaluate factors influencing Christians’ perception of Christian marriage, to determine strategies for expanding the perception and practice of Christian marriage and to analyze the impact of societal changes on Christian marriage practices in Our Lady of Visitation Deanery. This study adopted structural functionalism theory to provide a better understanding of marriage as a social institution that fulfils key societal functions such as preservation of marital norms and values. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The target population was 5020 people. A sample of 357 respondents including the Clergy, married couples, members preparing to marry and unmarried members were selected through stratified random sampling and purposive sampling techniques. The researcher used questionnaires, interview schedule and focus group discussions to gather information. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 29 to generate descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, while qualitative data from the Clergy and unmarried members was analyzed thematically using coding, categorization and identifying of emerging patterns to interpret meanings and relevance to the research. Key findings of the study showed that most Christians in our Lady of visitation deanery value Church marriage as a sacred covenant that symbolizes faith, love and divine blessing. The study concluded that although church teachings shape Christians perception of church marriage, there is a gap between doctrinal teachings and practice of marriage. It recommended strengthening marriage catechesis and premarital counselling, continuous marriage formation, integration of culture and faith and Community sensitization in order to enhance the practice of church marriage. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on social-anthropological aspect of religion by showing how religion interacts with culture in shaping marriage practices and family relations.

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