Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences

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The Aftermath of the 2007/08 Post-Election Violence in Kenya and the Role of Religion
(American Research Institute for Policy Development, 2019-06) Kagema, Dickson Nkonge
War, violence and conflicts are the biggest hiccups to human development to date. In spite of the numerous calls for justice, reconciliation and peace as prerequisites for a stable society, political, religious and ethnic conflicts continue to hit many parts of the world. Africa is possibly the most affected continent by this anguish as some of her nations and people have not known peace for decades. In Kenya, for example, although there have been many conflicts since independence (1963), it was the 2007/2008 Post-election violence that proved rather challenging as its effects are felt to date. The disputed Presidential election results plunged the county into a serious crisis whose effects continue to wreck the country socially, politically and economically. For instance, memories of this conflict where many lives were lost, families displaced, women and girls suffered sexual violence and property destroyed reappear any time we have a national election, and this has seriously disintegrated the nation, thus affecting the development of the country as a whole. It is therefore an issue that must be seriously thought about by all stakeholders if at all any sustainable development has to be attained. In this regard, religion which still remains the most trusted institution in Kenya as in other parts of Africa must not stand at the periphery. Religion is the conscience of the society and as such the dominant religions in Kenya, namely Christianity (82.5%) and Islam (11%), have an indelible responsibility of bringing forth justice, peace and reconciliation among individuals and communities in Kenya so as to ensure that the country attains sustainable development.
ASSESSMENT OF RELIGIOUS INITIATED PROGRAMMES AS INTERVENTION MECHANISMS IN CURBING HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC IN KENYA: SOME SELECTED PROGRAMMES IN MERU SOUTH SUB-COUNTY
(2019) Muthai, Lucy Mutare; Bururia, David; Kagema, Dickson Nkonge
Over the years, HIV and AIDS pandemic has brought enormous burden upon the lives of many people throughout the world. Since the first cases of AIDS were identified in 1981, millions of people have lost their lives. An estimated 70 million people are living with HIV and AIDS by now and more than 35 million people have died. As the burden of HIV and AIDS increases in different communities of the world, new organizations are being formed to help curb its impact. Kenya has about 1.6 million people living with HIV and AIDS and in 1999 it was declared a national disaster. It is in response to this that many development partners including the religious organizations, the government and NGOs came up with programmes to fight the scourge, yet there seems to be little success as new infections continue to be experienced. Christianity being the religion followed by the majority of the Kenyans and the Church being the most trusted institution has not been left behind as efforts to curb this pandemic is are made. This study assessed the effectiveness of Church based initiated programmes in curbing HIV/AIDS in Kenya. Selected programmes in Meru South Sub-County were used for the purpose of this study. These were Redeemed Gospel Church, Presybyterian Church of East Africa, Salvation Army Church and Baptist Church. The target population was 1040 subjects comprising 1000 Church members and 40 beneficiaries. The Church ministers/pastors were our key informants. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedule and focus group discussions. Systematic random sampling procedure was used to select 100 Church members. Beneficiaries of the HIV and AIDS programmes initiated by the Church were obtained using snowball sampling method. The findings were that the selected programmes provided services such as HIV prevention education, orphan care, support of people living with and personally affected by HIV and AIDS, prevention activities that involved campaigns, and caring for the affected and infected. The programmes were found out to be successful particularly in supporting the people orphaned by HIV and AIDS, reducing stigma, organizing training, seminars and workshops, conducting voluntary counselling and testing among others. They were found to be effective in curbing HIV and AIDS, though they face the challenge of lack of adequate funding. There was also lack of trained personnel which hamper the effective implementation of these programmes. If the government, Church, development partners and other well-wishers support these religious initiated programmes the war against HIV/AIDS pandemic can be easily worn as they are effective.
Autobiographical Perspetives of Exile in East African Drama: An Analysis of Three Plays by John Ruganda
(2013-11) Njogu, Jackson Gikunda; Waita, Njogu; Muriiki, Anne Kinya
East Africa has undoubtedly been scarred by upheavals of various kinds, ranging from terrorism, tribal wars and political violence. The conflicts have often been between individuals, clans, tribes or systems, but there have also been conflicts within the individual which often lead to alienation or physical removal from the society. This paper critically examines John Ruganda’s representation of exile and a search for restoration in three of his plays. The texts selected for this analysis are Covenant with Death, (1973), The Floods (1980) and Shreds of Tenderness (2000). Each of these texts represents a decade of Uganda’s history as well as Ruganda’s personal experiences in his writing career spanning three decades. This paper argues that the life of an author is intricately related to literary outputs, and consequently, the texts under analysis can be read as one story the same way the dramatist lived one continuous life. The central focus is the playwright’s addiction with the theme of exile which is also a personal experience. The various dimensions of exile are explored through constituents of alienation, political causations and physical dislocation. The paper adopts a structural analytical approach proposed by Anne Gagiano, complemented by the linear model of Isaac Yetiv.
BEYOND THE RHETORIC THE CASE FOR THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF COMPREHENSIVE SEXUALITY EDUCATION IN KENYAN SCHOOLS
(European journal of social sciences studies, 2021) Kiswili, Keith
Comprehensive Sexuality Education remains one of the most controversial topics in global development discourse. Organizations such as UNESCO, WHO and UNICEF have championed for the institutionalization of CSE in countries across the globe, citing the relative merits of this education on young people. Kenya, like a lot of other countries has faced formidable opposition in the institutionalization of CSE with much of the opposition being spearheaded by religious groups and advocacy groups that posit that CSE would have negative consequences on young learners. This review sought to document the milestones that have defined the institutionalization of CSE by the Kenyan government and to establish the legal policy regimes that have informed the process. It also sought to highlight the barriers that have impeded the process and lastly, it endeavored to suggest ways which these impediments can be overcome. This review was a culmination of systematic analysis of the available literature on sex education in Kenya.
CATEGORIES OF DISCOURSE MARKERS USED IN GICHUKA SPEECH
(International Journal of Creative Research and Studies, 2019-06) Peter, Dr. Christine Atieno; Kirimo, Ms. Elsie Njeri
Discourse markers are linguistic items that are frequently used in the course of daily communication. These are not only connecting words that contribute to cohesion of discourse but are also crucial tools for achieving intended communicative purposes in the course of discourse. Studies have been carried out on discourse markers as used in other languages of the world but since every linguistic variety is unique and culture dependent, it is not obvious that these linguistic items are similar in all languages. The goal of this article is to provide an analysis of Gichuka discourse markers. The objective is to categorize discourse markers in Gichuka speeches. The article is guided by the Relevance Theory by Sperber and Wilson. It utilizes qualitative research technique and it was carried out in Chuka, Meru South Sub County, Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya. The population includes all discourse markers captured in social events conducted in Gichuka. Five real life events conducted in Gichuka were purposively sampled. Data was collected using an observation schedule that was used to record the contextual information, and a guiding card was used to record the types of discourse markers realized. The transcribed discourse markers were ninety-two. Guided by the principles of relevance, ninety-two discourse markers used in Gichuka speeches were identified and classified. It was established that Gichuka has a number of discourse markers and the most commonly used types of these discourse markers are topic markers and message related markers. The findings enhances the analysis of Gichuka discourse markers and adds to the existing knowledge on the analysis of discourse markers in various languages. It specifically enriches knowledge on the application of the tenets of the Relevance Theory.
Challenges Facing Corporate Communication in Public Universities in Kenya
(IOSR Journal of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2021-03) Munyi, Jessee Mutugi; Peter, Dr. Christine Atieno
In the management world today, it’s widely accepted that the future of any organization critically depends on how it is viewed by key stakeholders. Several research studies have shown that corporate communication when effectively used can help organizations acquire goodwill to operate among their stakeholders. The bulk of these studies, however have been conducted in business organizations, government ministries and parastatals. There have been few studies investigating the effectiveness of corporate communication in academic institutions yet the phenomenon of lack of the goodwill granted by stakeholders. The study sought to investigate the challenges facing corporate communication as a management tool in public Universities in Kenya. The study was guided by the Legitimacy theory, Stakeholder theory and the Stakeholder Salience Model. The scope of the study was four public universities in Kenya. The target population for the study was 2040 administrative staff working in public universities in Kenya where a sample size of 334 administrative staff was used. The objective of the study was to: explore the challenges facing corporate communication as a management tool in Public Universities. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Primary data was collected through use of semistructured questionnaires. Additionally, interview guides were used to get insights from students and external publics. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis which involved identification and classifying findings based on themes. The study found that a number of challenges were hindering corporate communication including. failure by Universities to measure communication for both internal and external stakeholders, failure by Universities to take into account contribution of communication practitioners in governance decisions, lack of involvement of stakeholders when implementing organizational change and lack of inducting new employees on communication skills, Universities have not put in place stakeholder communication strategies and communication policies, communication offices are under-funded making execution of communication plans a major challenge and most Universities are yet to fully embrace social media platforms by collecting statistics on their utilization in order to inform decision making. Furthermore, social media policies have not been formulated and implemented in most Universities.
Child Labor in Nona Region of Western Kenya and Implications on the Rights of Children: Critical Reflections
(2018-04) Sande, Anne
Child labour is a global problem and it is one of the obstacles in the achievement of international frameworks such as Sustainable Development Goals as well as national ones like vision 2030 in Kenya. It equally has caused death of about twenty two thousand children in the world annually. The malpractice is widespread and indicates a paradigm shift in the prevalence especially in developing countries whereby it causes negative consequences on sustainable community development. The overall objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of child labour in Vihiga, Kakamega, Busia and Bungoma in Nzoia region of Kenya. This was with specific interest on the dynamics currently caressing the child labour. This study used the descriptive survey design with a sample size of 500 people. The study population included household heads, caretakers, child labourers, entrepreneurs, farmers and Government officers who included teachers, health officers, security officers and chiefs. The samples were obtained using multistage, random, purposive and snowball sampling methods. The instruments used for primary data collection were; questionnaires, observation guides and key informant interviews. Secondary data was obtained from websites, documents from relevant government ministries and departments. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the study revealed that the overall prevalence of child labour in the four Counties was high (87%). The distribution of child labour was almost uniform across the four Counties however there were variations in the frequencies of types of child labour activities. Busia County had higher frequencies of child labour in; fishing, prostitution and entertainment: Kakamega County had higher frequencies in mining and street work: Vihiga County had higher frequencies in brick making and mining while Bungoma County had higher frequencies in entertainment. Although many studies indicate that the agricultural sector is the largest employer of child labourers, results of this study contradict by showing the commercial sector as the largest employer of child labourers in the region. It was also observed that the transport sector had attracted a significant number of child labourers. Factors that influence the high prevalence of child labour in these Counties were economic sectors, community types, peer influence, culture and economic status of families. It is hoped that understanding the ever changing paradigms of child labour will attract joint efforts by all stake holders not only in resolving the impasse but also pave way for achievement of both national and international declarations over the problem.
Collaborative Teaching Strategy and Learner Ability Interaction on Students’ Academic Achievement, in Physics in Nyeri County, Kenya
(THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES, 2021-09) Otiende, N.U.; Njagi, M.W.; Mugambi, J.M.
The study of the Physics subject continues to play a vital role in industrial development and economic revitalization. For instance, the Physics of the electronic chip has seen tremendous improvements in communication, entertainment, medicine and industry. However, secondary school students continue to achieve dismally. Different factors including the different strategies used in teaching Physics and learner factors have been reported to affect students’ achievement in Physics. Based in Nyeri County the study investigated the interactivity between strategies, learner abilities and academic achievement secondary school students in Physics. The Solomon Four group quasi experimental design was used. A sample of 173 form four students in four mixed day secondary schools in Nyeri County participated in the study. The sample was obtained through purposive sampling to obtain a list of mixed day secondary schools that offer the Physics subject at form four. Through random sampling a list of four schools that participated in the study was obtained. The schools were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The research instruments consisted of Physics Pretest (PPT) and Physics Achievement Test (PAT). The Kuder Richardson test was used to determine the reliability of the PPT and PAT. A reliability coefficient of 0.7 and 0.8 was obtained for the PPT and PAT respectively. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t-test and ANOVA) were used in data analysis. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 was used for statistical analysis. The hypothesis was tested at α=0.05 level of significance. The study established that Collaborative Teaching Strategy enhanced achievement of students of all abilities in Physics. The study recommended that teachers should expose students to Collaborative Strategy more frequently and teacher training programs to equip teachers with skills for collaboration. The findings of the current study are helpful to the curriculum developers in revising curriculum towards learner centeredness by in cooperating collaborative activities. Institute of Curriculum Development may find the information useful during in servicing of teachers towards making the curriculum more learner centered. The Instructional material developers may find the information useful while developing materials that enhance learner activity. The findings of the study may be useful to teachers while implementing the competence-based curriculum at secondary school level during and after transition stage.
Colonialism and The Agikuyu Women’s Indigenous Knowledge Systems on Food Crop Production in Kiambu, Kenya, 1902-1963.
(Macrothink Institute, 2019) Muraya, Martha Wanjiru; Gathungu, Geofrey King’ori; Kinyua, Lazarus Ngari
The introduction colonial capitalist economic policies and practices such as land alienation, forced labour and commercial crop production acted as a major catalyst of change on the existing African indigenous subsistence production especially the Agikuyu Women’s Indigenous Knowledge System (AWIKS). This research paper focused on examining the effects of European colonialism on the AWIKS on food crop production from 1902-1918. The study employed descriptive research design and historical trend analysis and it was donein three sub-counties of Kiambu West, namely, Limuru, Lari and Kikuyu. Purposive and snowballing technique was used to get the respondents who were the bearers of the most relevant information. The main source of information was the corroboration of oral interviews, archival records analysis and secondary data. Oral interviews data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) and reported using basic simple descriptive statistics. The Women and Development (WAD) theory helped to examine the nature in which the Agikuyu women were integrated in colonial capitalist economy, which explains their marginalization, subordination, oppression and dependency on men. The study found out that during the establishment of colonial rule the Agikuyu people were moved from their indigenous land and were pushed to poor, marginal and unproductive reserve areas where they did not have enough experience and accumulated indigenous knowledge system of the new agro-ecosystem. In addition, most of the drought tolerant food crops were neglected and others destroyed a move that may have led to underutilization of AWIKS on food crop production. This implied that the food supply was compromised and the society became more vulnerable to drought and famine. Therefore, in order to enhance food supply in the households some of the AWIKS on food crop production may be integrated into the modern western agricultural production practices.
A Conceptual Metaphorical Analysis of Swahili Proverbs with Reference to Chicken Metaphor
(2016-02) Kobia, John M.
This is a metaphorical analysis of domestic animals in selected Swahili proverbs with a focus on chicken metaphor based on their source domains. The paper examines the socio-cultural and economic background that shapes the Swahili proverbs and their underlining meanings inherent in them. The paper reveals that the Swahili proverbs are used metaphorically as a repository of traditional wisdom of the Swahili people and a vehicle to articulate their worldview.
Constraints to profitable Participation in Agri-Food Value Chains: A Case of Small-Scale Banana Farmers in Meru County,Kenya
(2018) Mbuthia, • Susan W.; Kayi, Calvine; Wambugu, Stephen K.
Constraints in agri-food value chains tend to heighten the vulnerability of small-scale farmers in Sub-Sahara Africa. This study evaluates the constraints limiting small-scale banana farmers in Meru County, Kenya, from profitably participation in the crop’s value chain, producers’ efforts in- and suggestions to- overcoming them. Results of this study reveal that banana farmers face several interdependent constraints such as inadequate know-how on banana management, high cost plantlets, and pests and diseases that amplify one another but efforts to overcome them have been partial. It is therefore, necessary to have several measures implemented concurrently to address the constraints. Thus, future interventions should have concerted efforts from governments and non-government organizations.
The Contribution of the Colonialism on Cottage Industry in Tharaka South Sub-County, Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya from 1907 to 1963
(CRDEEP Journals, 2021) Mugao, D.K.; Kithinji, C.M.
The Tharaka people had various forms of cottage industries which they used to produce myriad traditional items and weapons to sustain their livelihood during the pre-European period. Such articles and weapons are boats, pots, baskets, mats, bee hives, swords, spears and hoes. These cottage industries were negatively impacted by the arrival of the European colonialists, consequently affecting the socio-cultural and economic life of the Tharaka people. However, the aspect of contribution of colonial rule on the Tharaka cottage industry has not been adequately researched by the economic historians. This gave the impetus to this study that sought to investigate the contribution of the colonialism on the traditional cottage industries in Tharaka South Sub-County. The colonial rule was extended to Tharaka in 1907 when the British colonialists arrived in the area. The study was carried out in Tharaka South Sub-County in Tharaka-Nithi County. The study was anchored on the articulation of modes of production theory. The data was collected from oral, archival and secondary sources. Fifty respondents for oral interview were sampled through purposive and snowballing techniques. Research instruments employed comprised the interview schedules and focus group discussions. The study found that colonialism had far-reaching negative consequences on the Tharaka traditional cottage industries. It was noted that there was decline in production in cottage industries, abject poverty among the traditional crafts, majority of the artisans lost their employment, change in social roles and mass emigrations of the traditional technologists in search for alternative source of livelihood. This research contributes to the wider comprehension of the cottage industry in the pre-colonial Kenya and Africa in general. The study contributes to Tharaka historiography.
Corporate Communication Types Employed in Public Universities in Kenya
(THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES, 2019-06) Munyi, Jesee Mutugi; Peter, Dr. Christine Atieno
In the management world today, it’s widely accepted that the future of any organization critically depends on how it is viewed by key stakeholders. Several research studies have shown that corporate communication when effectively used can help organizations acquire goodwill to operate among their stakeholders. The bulk of these studies, however have been conducted in business organizations, government ministries and parastatals. There have been few studies investigating the effectiveness of corporate communication in academic institutions yet the phenomenon of lack of the goodwill granted by stakeholders is well and alive in universities. The proposed study sought to investigate the effectiveness of corporate communication as a management tool in public Universities in Kenya. The study was guided by the Legitimacy theory, Stakeholder theory and the Stakeholder Salience Model. The scope of the study was four public universities in Kenya. The target population for the study was 2040 administrative staff working in public universities in Kenya where a sample size of 334 administrative staff was used. The objectives of the study were to: survey the types of corporate communication used in Kenyan Public Universities; The study adopted a descriptive research design. Primary data was collected through use of semi-structured questionnaires. Additionally, interview guides were used to get insights from students and external publics. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis which involved identification and classifying findings based on themes. The study found that Universities were practicing mainly four types of corporate communication (stakeholder relations, corporate branding, reputation management and change communication).
EFFECTS OF IMPRISONMENT ON INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG FEMALE INMATES IN SELECTED PRISONS IN KENYA
(International Journal of Education and Research, 2015-07) Mwithalii Kamoyo, John; Dr. K. Nyaga, Veronica; Dr. K. Barchok, Hillary; Dr. Mburugu, Beatrice
This study explored the relationship between imprisonment and interpersonal relationship among female inmates in selected prisons in Kenya. The study employed a descriptive survey research design. A total of 295 respondents formed the survey sample. The sample comprised of 291 female inmates’ and 4 prison staff. Simple random sampling and purposive sampling methods were used to select the respondents. The study utilized questionnaires, interview schedules and an observation guide as instruments for data collection. Piloting was conducted in one selected prison to enable the researcher to improve on the reliability and validity of the research instruments. The reliability of the research instruments was estimated using Cronbach Alpha Coefficient. The instruments yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.857 which was considered appropriate for the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The study established that there was a statistically significant relationship between imprisonment and interpersonal relationship among female inmates in Kenyan prisons.
Efficacy Level of Therapeutic Counselling in Dealing with Anxiety Disorder among Adult Refugees: A Case of Dadaab Refugee Camp, Garissa County, Kenya.
(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2019-07) Mugambi, Lucy Kanyua; Mburugu, Beatrice M.
Kenya is a host to many refugees with majority located at Dadaab refugee camp which in the year 2011 was declared the largest refugee camp in the world. Most refugees in Dadaab camp are victims of disasters of political violence or war and drought especially from the war torn Somalia. The stressful experiences of the adult refugees throughout the migration period exposed them to emotional and psychological suffering that require therapeutic counselling. In Dadaab therapeutic counselling is mainly offered by five agencies. Despite the therapeutic counselling, anxiety disorder is prevalent at Dadaab refugee camp, hence the need to understand efficacy levels of therapeutic counselling. The purpose of this study was to investigate efficacy level of therapeutic counselling in dealing with anxiety disorder among adult refugees at Dadaab refugee camp. Ex post facto research design was adopted for the study. The target population was 164,356 adult refugees, section leaders and counsellors in charge of the counselling units. The two largest camps with an adult population of 94,619 were purposively selected. Adult refugees who had undergone therapeutic counselling were purposively selected after which simple random sampling was used to select those who took part in the study. The sample size consisted of 382 adult refugees comprising of 175 men and 207 women selected through proportionate sampling technique; 5 counsellors were purposively selected and 16 section leaders selected through simple random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, and Focus Group Discussions. The instruments were piloted in Dagahaley refugee camp. Questionnaires yielded a reliability coefficient of α = 0.811 which was determined using Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics which included frequencies, percentages, means, and t-test. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 facilitated analysis of data. The study established that therapeutic counselling was unsatisfactory in dealing with anxiety disorder. The findings of the study will assist the Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government, United Nations High Commission for Refugees, other international bodies and service providers in improving therapeutic counselling services. The researcher recommends that the counselling agencies should increase the number of counsellors and observe the 1951 convention on repatriation of refugees from Dadaab refugee camp.
Error Analysis in Mass Media in Kenya: a case study of radio bulletins from Kenya Broadcasting Corporation and Radio Citizen.
(2016-02) Mugambi, A.; Mukuthuria, M.; Kobia, J. M.
This is a metaphorical analysis of domestic animals in selected Swahili proverbs with a focus on chicken metaphor based on their source domains. The paper examines the socio-cultural and economic background that shapes the Swahili proverbs and their underlining meanings inherent in them. The paper reveals that the Swahili proverbs are used metaphorically as a repository of traditional wisdom of the Swahili people and a vehicle to articulate their worldview.
Evaluation of micronutrients in seeds of Pumpkin varieties grown by smallholder farmers in the Lake Victoria Basin
(2013-12) Peter, Echessa A.C. 1; Nyambaka, Hudson1 ,; Ondigi, N. Alice2 ,; Omuterema, Stanley3 ,; Toili, William3 ,; Afihini, S. M. Ijani4; Sande, Anne5
This study shows micronutrients malnutrition and its devastating effects taking toll of the world, affecting over two billion of its population. Measures have been put in place that includes supplementation, fortification and bio fortification among others. Utilization of indigenous crops are known to be nutritious and are acceptable among the communities mainly, developing countries favours the later method. The micronutrient levels in pumpkin seeds of six varieties, cultivated in four districts within the Lake Victoria Basin, East Africa were determined. This was with a view to establish if any significant differences existed between the varieties as well as set the background upon which the better varieties should be improved. The results showed levels of moisture (11.62-26.23 mg /100 g), βcarotene (0.02-0.42 mg /100 g), thiamine (0.19-0.54 mg /100 g), niacin (0.43-1.03 mg /100 g) and pyridoxine (0.13-0.26 mg /100 g), zinc (3.73-9.70 mg /100 g) and selenium (5.43-11.07 µg /100 g) significantly differed (p < 0.05). The varieties evaluated did not show significant differences in vitamin C, α-tocopherol and iron. The carnival squash (C. maxima) seeds, generally exhibited better levels of most micronutrients among the varieties sampled. Specifically however, bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) samples showed higher levels of selenium, while butternut (C. moschata) seeds had high levels of zinc (9.70 mg /100 g) and green kabacha (Cucurbita pepo) the B complex vitamins. With sufficient nutritional education and purposefull improvement of the better varieties through breeding, pumpkin seeds can go along way as an alternative path for bio fortification as a method of fighting micronutrients malnutrition.
Factors Influencing Alcohol and Drug Abuse among Chuka University Students, Kenya
(European Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 2022) Kanga, Benjamin M.
Alcohol and drugs abuse is on serious increase, especially among the youth in many parts of the World. It has been reported that the most affected persons by the challenge of alcohol and drugs abuse the world over are University students. In Kenya, the National Campaign against Drug Abuse (NACADA) report indicates that 84% of youth between 16 to 24 years are involved in alcohol and drug abuse. University students fall under this age bracket. To mitigate this NACADA requires that all universities in Kenya to have Alcohol and Drugs Abuse prevention committees and policies. This study aimed at finding out the causes of Alcohol and Drugs Abuse at Chuka University. The study employed a descriptive research design. The target population was 15,290 Chuka University students. Simple random sampling technique was employed to choose 384 respondents. Questionnaires were used to collect data. statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 for windows was used to analyze data. Data was presented in frequency distribution tables, bar charts, and pie charts.
A Gaze at the Place of the Female Figure in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Case of Zukiswa Wanner’s the Madams
(THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES, 2019-07) Dr. Kaburi Muriungi, Colomba
The black race was severely disadvantaged in apartheid South Africa. Specifically, black women were doubly disadvantaged; first by the color of their skin, and secondly, by lack of tangible income. History has shown that many black women in South Africa ended up working as maids in the white suburbs. This paper examines how Zukiswa Wanner, in The Madams, imagines new life for the female figure in post-apartheid South Africa, regardless of their race. The main argument in the paper is that, literature is used as a revolutionary tool in The Madams to imagine new South Africa and to propose ways of revising social injustices of the past. I examine the kind of characters that Wanner creates, the conditions under which these characters work, and the way she fashions a new conducive environment for survival in post-apartheid South Africa. Wanner demonstrates that the color divide has crossed a new bridge; resulting to new opportunities, new relations and new outlooks for the female figure. This therefore provides new insig
A Gender Community Outreach for Girls Living in Vulnerable Contexts: Experiences from School Literacy Clubs in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya
(Allen Institute, 2020-05) Prof. K. Muriungi, Colomba; Dr. Andima, George
The Kenya Constitution (2010) has deliberately attempted to remedy the traditional exclusion of women and has promoted their full involvement in every aspect of growth and development. It is indeed true that when women have the freedom to reach their full potential, families and by extension communities experience exponential growth. Despite such efforts by the Kenyan government, young girls in rural Kenya continue to suffer and endure, gender exploitation and child labour due to poverty and lack of alternative means of livelihoods. Girls in some parts of Tharaka Nithi County suffer from poor access to education and health services caused by high poverty levels. Such levels of poverty and the patriarchal systems are responsible for the marginalization of girls on matters health and education in favour of the boy child. This paper presents the efforts made to empower girls in this context to voice their story through literacy clubs. Specifically, the paper discusses the girls’ use of literacy clubs to voice the challenges they face in their educational pursuit, the use of literacy clubs to voice the nature of discrimination they face and to empower and build their resilience. Data was collected from a sample of form one and two girls from five Sub-county schools in Tharaka Nithi County. The data collected was analysed qualitatively and the key themes in relation to the plight of girls in this context identified. The paper presents the research process, discusses the findings and key implications of the findings on the emancipation of the girl child at the local as well as the global scene.

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