Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences

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Equipping Lay Leaders for Christian Ministry in the Anglican Church of Kenya through Theological Education by Extension
(Missionalia: Southern African Journal of Missiology, 0001-05-21) Kiarie,George and Mwangi,Mary
The mission of ecclesia is to empower and equip its leaders for Christian ministry. This has been possible through theological education, particularly for the ordained ministry. Though laity form a substantial number in the Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK) ecclesiastical context, they are theologically ill-equipped for Christian ministry despite their integral roles in pastoral and administrative functions in their respective local congregations. The article was informed by both empirical and non-empirical data drawn from the ACK diocese of Thika in 2020. The data was derived from 11 questionnaires where two former diocesan Theological Education by Extension (TEE) co-ordinators and nine Archdeaconry TEE facilitators in the diocese of Thika were engaged. Archival documents from the diocese and review of literature also enriched the study. The study’s findings show that the success of the 21st century ecclesia solely depends on how thoroughly the lay leaders are empowered and equipped theologically through TEE.
Oral Literature and the Communication of Change and Innovations in Kenya
(University of Cape Town, 2003) Waita, Njogu
The major object of pursing this study was to understand how oral literature has been used in the communication of change and innovations in Kenya. The study focuses attention on Central Province of Kenya. In the work, oral literature has been studied as a literary media delineating the genre's communicative role in relationship to messages in social-cultural, political and health ﬁelds. In this study, we begin from understanding the traditional context and the literary content of the study sample and proceed to analyze and discuss the new and innovative messages communicated by the genre. In the course of the work, oral literature emerges as continually changing and adapting to the social, historical and health challenges that confront the people of the Central Province of Kenya. The primary sources of data used for analysis in this study have been from the Kikuyu people of Central Kenya. Oral texts were recorded and sourced from oral artists, composers and storytellers during ﬁeldwork in this region. Oral narratives, oral poetry in the form of songs, proverbs and oral dramas constitute the main data used for analysis in this study. We have also used in the analysis a few texts from secondary sources. The texts are analyzed as literary genres that are culture-bound. Interviews provided useful collaborative and augmentative data for the study. We have four broad categories of classifying content in our analysis. These include: (i) courtship, marriage and family, (ii) social construction of gender, and (iii) politics and governance and (iv) HIV/AIDS communication. Oral literature among the Kikuyu emerges in this study as a genre that continues to communicate normative values while at the same time exploring new contradictions that have affected the various institutions of courtship, marriage and family. The study also indicates that oral literature continues to play a visible role in gender socialization validating disparate roles for men and women. The genre contributes to the gender debate by extracting a multiplicity of standpoints on gender relations. At the same time, it emerges a medium of contesting not only traditional gender values but also the emerging modernist positions. Over the last century, oral literature also emerges as having played a key role in communicating change and innovations in the politics and governance of Kenya. The resilient nature of the genre is further demonstrated in this study by the way oral literature has responded to HIV/AIDS epidemic in the country. In confronting this relatively new phenomenon, oral literature becomes a tool that helps the people in conceptualizing and protecting themselves against the disease. The conclusions that we draw from this study is that oral literature continues to play a signiﬁcant role in social communication in spite of various technological and literacy changes that have taken place in Kenya. The genre is constantly being created and recreated to serve speciﬁc needs and to respond to the crises of the moment.
Representations of Kenyan history in oral literature: 1948-2002
(2013-07) Waita, Njogu
This paper discusses the representation of Kenyan history in oral literature between 1948 and 2002. The paper relied on library and ethnographic data. The ethnographic data included audio recordings of renditions of well known Mau Mau folksongs, popular and topical songs and a narrative. The play, Ngahika Ndeenda, by Ngugi Wa Thiong’o and Ngugi Wa Mirii was treated as an oral drama. The texts were translated from Gikuyu language to English and the content messages categorized for analysis. The analytical categories cover the literary representations of the Olenguruone land crises, the Mau Mau uprising and the independence era. The independence era is divided into Kenyatta and Uhuru and the Post Kenyatta era of 2002. The paper lays no claim to historical objectivity but interrogates the texts as literary artifacts. In the analysis and discussions, the Olenguruone land crisis emerges as the genesis of the armed resistance to colonialism and Kenyatta is represented as the collective wish for the de-colonization of Kenya. The paper further discusses the literary representations of the political changes surrounding the governance of President Jomo Kenyatta, President Daniel Arap Moi and the fight for democratic pluralism in Kenyan politics. This paper concludes that oral literature is a significant instrument in the reflection of change and innovations in politics. As a cultural artifact, it also becomes a form of national consciousness.
Identity Gender and Politics in Ngugi wa Thiong'o's Wizard of the Crow
(2013-07) Waita, Njogu
This paper provides a critical overview of the treatment of the questions of identity, politics and gender in Kenyan novelist Ngugi Wa Thiong’o’s work, The Wizard of the Crow. The issue of identity is explored against the backdrop of the experiences of slavery, colonialism, neocolonialism and globalization in Africa. The critical question raised in the novel is why the disease of contradicting identities continues to afflict the African.. The novel suggests that unless the African recaptures his identity, he/she would continue to exist in unredeemed state of alienation. The paper further discussed The Wizard of the Crow as a political Novel. We interrogate the political dispensation of Aburiria, a prototype African country immersed in a dictatorship that controls all aspects of the lives of the people. The paper discusses the authors emerging consciousness that indicate the new multi-party political dispensations as nothing but despotic mutations. Finally the paper explores the maturity of the novelist’s feminist vision. In the presentation of the character of Nyawira, we have an articulate woman ready to confront the social, cultural and political challenges of postcolonial Africa in the 21st Century. The paper concludes that this novel, does not offer any explicit solutions to the problems facing Africa. Nevertheless, it suggests that the African renaissance can never be achieved under a condition of alienation. Africa should reach out to other countries in the East like India and China and learn about the possibilities of resisting domination and minimizing the effects of globalization.
Representations of Kenyan History in Oral Literature: 1948-2002.
(2013-07) Waita, Njogu
This paper discusses the representation of Kenyan history in oral literature between 1948 and 2002. The paper relied on library and ethnographic data. The ethnographic data included audio recordings of renditions of well known Mau Mau folksongs, popular and topical songs and a narrative. The play, Ngahika Ndeenda, by Ngugi Wa Thiong’o and Ngugi Wa Mirii was treated as an oral drama. The texts were translated from Gikuyu language to English and the content messages categorized for analysis. The analytical categories cover the literary representations of the Olenguruone land crises, the Mau Mau uprising and the independence era. The independence era is divided into Kenyatta and Uhuru and the Post Kenyatta era of 2002. The paper lays no claim to historical objectivity but interrogates the texts as literary artifacts. In the analysis and discussions, the Olenguruone land crisis emerges as the genesis of the armed resistance to colonialism and Kenyatta is represented as the collective wish for the de-colonization of Kenya. The paper further discusses the literary representations of the political changes surrounding the governance of President Jomo Kenyatta, President Daniel Arap Moi and the fight for democratic pluralism in Kenyan politics. This paper concludes that oral literature is a significant instrument in the reflection of change and innovations in politics. As a cultural artifact, it also becomes a form of national consciousness.
‘Identity, Politics and Gender Dimensions in Ngugi Wa Thiongos’s, Wizard of the Crow
(2013-07) Waita, Njogu
This paper provides a critical overview of the treatment of the questions of identity, politics and gender in Kenyan novelist Ngugi Wa Thiong’o’s work, The Wizard of the Crow. The issue of identity is explored against the backdrop of the experiences of slavery, colonialism, neocolonialism and globalization in Africa. The critical question raised in the novel is why the disease of contradicting identities continues to afflict the African.. The novel suggests that unless the African recaptures his identity, he/she would continue to exist in unredeemed state of alienation. The paper further discussed The Wizard of the Crow as a political Novel. We interrogate the political dispensation of Aburiria, a prototype African country immersed in a dictatorship that controls all aspects of the lives of the people. The paper discusses the authors emerging consciousness that indicate the new multi-party political dispensations as nothing but despotic mutations. Finally the paper explores the maturity of the novelist’s feminist vision. In the presentation of the character of Nyawira, we have an articulate woman ready to confront the social, cultural and political challenges of postcolonial Africa in the 21st Century. The paper concludes that this novel, does not offer any explicit solutions to the problems facing Africa. Nevertheless, it suggests that the African renaissance can never be achieved under a condition of alienation. Africa should reach out to other countries in the East like India and China and learn about the possibilities of resisting domination and minimizing the effects of globalization
Autobiographical Perspetives of Exile in East African Drama: An Analysis of Three Plays by John Ruganda
(2013-11) Njogu, Jackson Gikunda; Waita, Njogu; Muriiki, Anne Kinya
East Africa has undoubtedly been scarred by upheavals of various kinds, ranging from terrorism, tribal wars and political violence. The conflicts have often been between individuals, clans, tribes or systems, but there have also been conflicts within the individual which often lead to alienation or physical removal from the society. This paper critically examines John Ruganda’s representation of exile and a search for restoration in three of his plays. The texts selected for this analysis are Covenant with Death, (1973), The Floods (1980) and Shreds of Tenderness (2000). Each of these texts represents a decade of Uganda’s history as well as Ruganda’s personal experiences in his writing career spanning three decades. This paper argues that the life of an author is intricately related to literary outputs, and consequently, the texts under analysis can be read as one story the same way the dramatist lived one continuous life. The central focus is the playwright’s addiction with the theme of exile which is also a personal experience. The various dimensions of exile are explored through constituents of alienation, political causations and physical dislocation. The paper adopts a structural analytical approach proposed by Anne Gagiano, complemented by the linear model of Isaac Yetiv.
Evaluation of micronutrients in seeds of Pumpkin varieties grown by smallholder farmers in the Lake Victoria Basin
(2013-12) Peter, Echessa A.C. 1; Nyambaka, Hudson1 ,; Ondigi, N. Alice2 ,; Omuterema, Stanley3 ,; Toili, William3 ,; Afihini, S. M. Ijani4; Sande, Anne5
This study shows micronutrients malnutrition and its devastating effects taking toll of the world, affecting over two billion of its population. Measures have been put in place that includes supplementation, fortification and bio fortification among others. Utilization of indigenous crops are known to be nutritious and are acceptable among the communities mainly, developing countries favours the later method. The micronutrient levels in pumpkin seeds of six varieties, cultivated in four districts within the Lake Victoria Basin, East Africa were determined. This was with a view to establish if any significant differences existed between the varieties as well as set the background upon which the better varieties should be improved. The results showed levels of moisture (11.62-26.23 mg /100 g), βcarotene (0.02-0.42 mg /100 g), thiamine (0.19-0.54 mg /100 g), niacin (0.43-1.03 mg /100 g) and pyridoxine (0.13-0.26 mg /100 g), zinc (3.73-9.70 mg /100 g) and selenium (5.43-11.07 µg /100 g) significantly differed (p < 0.05). The varieties evaluated did not show significant differences in vitamin C, α-tocopherol and iron. The carnival squash (C. maxima) seeds, generally exhibited better levels of most micronutrients among the varieties sampled. Specifically however, bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) samples showed higher levels of selenium, while butternut (C. moschata) seeds had high levels of zinc (9.70 mg /100 g) and green kabacha (Cucurbita pepo) the B complex vitamins. With sufficient nutritional education and purposefull improvement of the better varieties through breeding, pumpkin seeds can go along way as an alternative path for bio fortification as a method of fighting micronutrients malnutrition.
Textuality of English Composition Writing by Form Two E.S.L. Students
(2014) Atieno, Peter Christine; Mbaka, Nancy Wangui; Karuri, Mary
The performance of English at KCSE level has been improving over the years. There was need to find out if this improved trend was reflected in the composition writing of students in Kiini Secondary School in Maara District in Kenya. This paper looks at the adherence to the standards of textuality in composition writing by form two students in Kiini Secondary School. It also investigates students’ written texts to establish the extent to which they conformed to the standards of textuality. It further examined the structure of students’ written texts to find out whether they applied the standards of textuality as they wrote their compositions. This paper establishes the effects which the standards of textuality had on the performance of the students in composition writing. The findings of this paper contribute to scholarly material in text linguistics which is within the field of Discourse Analysis.
Pragmatics in Parenting: Language Strategies in Communicating Issues of Sexuality to Teenagers by Kenyan Parents
(2014) Karuri*, Mary; Mbaka, Nancy; Atieno, Christine
This study sought to examine the features that characterize parents’ talk when they attempt to speak matters of sexuality to their teenage children. It identified and described various features of style which were analyzed in light of theories of pragmatics such as Brown and Levinson’s Politeness theory, Austin’s Speech Act theory and the theory of Cooperative Principle by Grice. The study sample consisted of parents of teenage children who were interviewed to give accounts of the kind of talk that took place between them and their children on matters of sexuality. The results showed that features of indirectness abound in parents’ utterances with only occasional direct utterances. The study provides some interesting linguistic insights into the pragmatic choices of language that people make in ordinary conversation to meet their communication needs when faced with sensitive topics such as those to do with sexuality.
Orality and the Written Word in the Age of Globalization: The Case of Ngugi WaThiong’o’s Kikuyu Novels
(2014-11) Waita, Njogu
Ngugi Wa Thiong’o is one of the foremost post-independence novelists in Africa. His novels include, Weep Not Child (1964), The River Between (1965), A Grain of Wheat (1967), Petals of Blood (1977), Devil on the Cross (1983), Matigari (1987), and The Wizard of the Crow (2007).Since 1978. WaThiong’o vowed that he would create artistic works only in his vernacular language, Kikuyu. Consequently, his last three novels mentioned above and a number of children’s stories have all been published in Kikuyu language. Our paper discusses the interface of the oral and the written in his last three novels. The novels were all first published in Kikuyu language before being translated into English. They were originally published as Caitaani Mutharaba-ini (1980), Matigari Ma Njirungi (1986), and Murogi WaKagogo (2004).In our analysis, we discuss the influence of indigenous Kikuyu folklore on the narrative strategies and thematic conceptualization of these novels. The paper further discusses how the folkloristic material is used to interrogate and communicate to the reader the new realities of globalization. The paper in effect assesses the extent to which the Kikuyu folkloristic tradition has contributed to the greatness of the works even in their translated forms.
Orality and Written Word in the Age of Globalization: The Case of Ngugi wa Thiong'os Kikuyu Novels
(2014-11) Waita, Njogu
Ngugi Wa Thiong’o is one of the foremost post-independence novelists in Africa. His novels include, Weep Not Child (1964), The River Between (1965), A Grain of Wheat (1967), Petals of Blood (1977), Devil on the Cross (1983), Matigari (1987), and The Wizard of the Crow (2007).Since 1978. Wa Thiong’o vowed that he would create artistic works only in his vernacular language, Kikuyu. Consequently, his last three novels mentioned above and a number of children’s stories have all been published in Kikuyu language. Our paper discusses the interface of the oral and the written in his last three novels. The novels were all first published in Kikuyu language before being translated into English. They were originally published as Caitaani Mutharaba-ini (1980), Matigari Ma Njirungi (1986), and Murogi Wa Kagogo (2004).In our analysis, we discuss the influence of indigenous Kikuyu folklore on the narrative strategies and thematic conceptualization of these novels. The paper further discusses how the folkloristic material is used to interrogate and communicate to the reader the new realities of globalization. The paper in effect assesses the extent to which the Kikuyu folkloristic tradition has contributed to the greatness of the works even in their translated forms.
Mwingilianomatini katika Tamthilia za Kiswahili: Mashetani na Kijiba cha Moyo.
(California Institute of Technology, 2015) M’Ngaruthi, T. K.; Kobia, J. M.; Mukuthuria, M.; Ngesa, Ambrose K.; Matundura, Enock; Kobia, John
Tamthilia ya Kiswahili imedhihirisha, kwa njia moja au nyingine, uhusiano wa kimwingilianomatini. Makala haya yanadhamiria kuchunguza viwango na aina za mwingilianomatini baina ya tamthilia mbili za Kiswahili. Tamthilia hizi ni Mashetani (Hussein 1971) na Kijiba cha Moyo (Arege 2009). Tathmini hii inaongozwa na nadharia ya mwingilanomatini. Tumeteua na kuhakiki tamthilia hizi kwa misingi kwamba, kwa muda mrefu, Ebrahim Hussein ameaminika kuwa mmojawapo wa watunzi bora wa tamthilia ya Kiswahili katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki. Wahakiki wa fasihi wanaelekea kukubaliana kwamba Ebrahim Hussein ameathiri watunzi wengi wa baadaye wa tamthilia kimtindo, kimaudhui na usawiri wahusika. Lengo la makala haya ni kujaribu kuonesha jinsi tamthilia za Mashetani na Kijiba cha Moyo zinavyofanana kwa kuchunguza viwango vya mwingilianomatini baina ya tamthilia hizo kwa kurejelea, motifu, maudhui, matumizi ya lugha, na wahusika. Je, ni kwa kiwango gani mtunzi wa Kijiba cha Moyo ameathiriwa na mtunzi wa Mashetani? Je, amemnukuu, kudondoa au kumwiga mtangulizi wake kwa kiwango gani?
Gender Mainstreaming: Perspectives and Insights in Kenya.
(2015) Kaimenyi, C. K; Muriungi, C. K.
Gender mainstreaming was prioritized as a mechanism to achieve gender equality by the Beijing Platform for Action in 1995. Although since this Beijing meeting many institutions, the world over have attempted to put into practice the ideas of gender mainstreaming, the issue has not clearly been understood. While there has been some research regarding the opportunities and challenges of its implementation, very little has focused on understanding the concept, background, details and concerns of the entire topic. Through an exploratory research design and by use of documented evidence, this study seeks to provide insights towards understanding the meaning and background of gender mainstreaming in Kenya. The study will further explore the extent of research in the area in order to identify the gaps in the field. Literature on international, regional and national policies as well as declarations, coupled with the government and other stakeholders’ reports and academic research on the subject will be key in the study. It is therefore hoped that this study will provide a basis for establishing future research priorities in the area.
Strategies Used For Persuasion in Kimuthambi
(2015) Ireri, Humphrey Kirimi; Muriungi, Peter Kinyua; Njogu, Zachary Waita; Muriungi, Colomba Kaburi
Abstract Persuasion is inherent in everyday communication and is very important in relationships, leadership, peace building and success in virtually every area of livelihood. This study’s main goal is to provide an analysis of persuasion in Kimuthambi. The objective of the study is to identify and discuss strategies used for persuasion in Kimuthambi. The study is guided by the relevance theory by Sperber and Wilson. It utilizes both qualitative and quantitative research designs and is carried out in Muthambi Division, Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. The population includes all the Kimuthambi communicative events. The researcher purposively sampled ten real life communicative events conducted in Kimuthambi which involved forteen speakers. Data was collected using a digital audio recorder and an observation schedule. The recorder captured conversations in Kimuthambi in the selected communicative events and the observation schedule was used to record the contextual information. The researcher transcribed utterances from the data collected that utilizes stragetegies used for persuasion. The transcribed utterances are one hundred and thirty six. Then guided by the communicative principle of relevance, the researcher identifies and discusses eighty four utterances used for persuasion in Kimuthambi. The study establishes that persuasion in Kimuthambi is mainly through the use of logical appeals, emotional appeals and sensationalism. This study enhances the analysis of Kimuthambi as a language variety and adds to the existing knowledge on strategies of persuasion in various languages of the world. In addition it enriches knowledge on the tenets of the relevance theory.Thus it contributes to crosslinguistic studies from the perspective of a unique cultural orientation.
A Stylistic Analysis of the Epic of Job.
(2015) Kobia, J. M.; Mwilaria, R.
This study is a stylistic analysis of Epic of Job. The Epic of Job is one of the oldest epic poems in Kiswahili poetry. It aims at identifying, analyzing and evaluating the style of the language used in the Epic of Job to pass the intended message. The choice and the uniqueness of the vocabulary and literary forms used to express themes in Epic motivated the researchers to undertake this study. Russian formalism theory by Roman Jacobson 1915 formed the theoretical framework of this study. The Epic of Job formed the primary data of analysis. The researchers read the Epic stanza by stanza analyzing the vocabulary used and other word formation techniques like substitution, consonance, assonance and refrain. The study found out that the language used in the Epic of Job was appropriate in passing the intended message. The author used vocabulary from Kiamu, Kimvita,Kingozi and Arabic languages effectively. The author also used literary forms like similes, irony, euphemism, rhetoric questions among others appropriately to convey the message. Through critical analysis of the Epic of Job, the study concluded that the Epic is relevant to current issues affecting humanity
Resistance and Subversion of Traditional Social Construction of Gender in Gikuyu Narratives, Songs and Proverbs”.
(2015-06) Wanjiru, Elizabeth; Kaburi, Dr. Colomba; Njogu, Zachary
This paper explores gender relations in Gikuyu oral literature. It focuses on resistance and subversion to male dominance in narratives, proverbs and songs. The study noted that proverbs depict women subordination in the Gikuyu community probably because they were a male genre. Although narratives presented women as subordinate, there were episodes in Gikuyu narratives that demonstrated resistance and subversion to the established patriarchal order. Songs on the other hand reveal that a new approach to gender issues is inevitable, evidenced in the way modern Gikuyu musicians use their lyrics to shed light on how to deal with gender relations; proposing new modes of behavior that help women to resist subordination. The study concludes that oral literature, which bound the traditional Gikuyu community together; provide a platform for resistance against the society’s oppressive rules and norms that facilitate inequality in social construction of gender.
EFFECTS OF IMPRISONMENT ON INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG FEMALE INMATES IN SELECTED PRISONS IN KENYA
(International Journal of Education and Research, 2015-07) Mwithalii Kamoyo, John; Dr. K. Nyaga, Veronica; Dr. K. Barchok, Hillary; Dr. Mburugu, Beatrice
This study explored the relationship between imprisonment and interpersonal relationship among female inmates in selected prisons in Kenya. The study employed a descriptive survey research design. A total of 295 respondents formed the survey sample. The sample comprised of 291 female inmates’ and 4 prison staff. Simple random sampling and purposive sampling methods were used to select the respondents. The study utilized questionnaires, interview schedules and an observation guide as instruments for data collection. Piloting was conducted in one selected prison to enable the researcher to improve on the reliability and validity of the research instruments. The reliability of the research instruments was estimated using Cronbach Alpha Coefficient. The instruments yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.857 which was considered appropriate for the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The study established that there was a statistically significant relationship between imprisonment and interpersonal relationship among female inmates in Kenyan prisons.
Intertextuality in Essay Writing by Students in High Schools Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya.
(2015-08) Atieno, Christine Peter
This article studied the observance to intertextuality as an element in high school students’ written work. It investigated the texts by students to find out the degree to which they followed the application of intertextuality as a necessary component in the students written texts. Intertextuality refers to the relationship between a given text and other relevant texts encountered in prior experience. It touches on factors, which make the utilization of one text dependent on knowledge of previous information encountered in the text. The use of this aspect in writing is achieved when there is a relationship between a given discourse and other written forms that existed in the past. Communication is paramount in any written text. For dissemination of information to take place, the meaning of the writer must be clear and complete. The objective for this study was to explore the extent to which intertextuality as a standard of textuality was used by high school students in their essay writing. The purpose of this paper was to outline the notion of intertextuality in the essay written the students. The study further checked the structure of the students’ written texts to find out whether they had evidence of fragments of other texts encountered earlier. An experimental research design was used. This called for the use of both experimental and control group. These two were subjected to a pretest and a posttest. Further, the experimental class was exposed to the aspects of intertextuality, after which the two did a posttest. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The situation established that the written forms had evidence of borrowing from other areas and that high school students employed the intertextuality in their essays.
Portrayal of the Contemporary African Politician in Kiswahili Poetry.
(2015-09) M’Ngaruthi, ,*Timothy Kinoti; Mukuthuria, Mwenda; Kobia, John M.
This study was, in a broader sense, intended to identify the many political, social and economic changes that the continent of Africa has undergone since independence. Among the significant changes witnessed are those of its political leaders. This study analyzed the various traits and actions of Africa’s contemporary political leaders as portrayed by Kiswahili poets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes that the contemporary African politician has undergone since the attainment of multiparty democracy according to swahili poets. The study was guided by post-colonial Theory which is associated with the works of Edward W. Said, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak and Homi K. Bhabha. Data was collected from selected onthologies of Kiswahili poems using purposive sampling method. Qualitative analysis of the selected poems was done guided by the research objective. The findings of the study revealed that although the African continent has made remarkable steps in enhancing democracy, a good number of its political leaders, whom were credited for championing multiparty democracy, have turned out to be tormentors of the very people they had sworn to protect

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