2nd International Research Conference Proceedings Chuka University, 2015

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.chuka.ac.ke/handle/chuka/7931

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Distribution and Diversity of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Selected Agro-Industrial Pollution in Njoro River, Nakuru, Kenya
(Chuka University, 2016) Itotia, T.K.; Muia, A.W.; Kiruki, S.; Getenga, Z.M.
Many in-stream activities occur in River Njoro. Consequently, many pharmaceuticals used in farms and hospitals and antibiotic-resistant microbes end up in the River through runoff and sewage. Presence of antibiotic resistance exposes humans and animals to contamination during in-stream activities. This study determined bacteria resistant to both medical and veterinary antibiotics in the catchment. Residual antibiotics and physical chemical conditions and indicators of feacal pollution were investigated. The bacteria resistant to five antibiotics studied varied significantly (P<0.05). Turkana site had highest resistors to ampicillin, tetracycline and streptomycin, while Njoro Canning Factory had highest resistors to gentamycin and Chloramphenical. Indicators of faecal pollution were found in all sites including Sigotik with 413.33±15.28 E.coli per 100 ml of water. Physical chemical measurements showed site differences. The Njoro Canning Factory BOD was 6.99±0.20 mg L-1, whereas Sigotik BOD was 1.28±0.13 mg L-1. Presumptive positive Salmonella, V. cholera and V. parahaemolyticus species were found in Turkana and Ngata sites. There is cause for alarm due to the high numbers of antibiotic resistant bacteria in River Njoro. Proper treatment of the River water before use is recommended, or alternative safe water sources for these communities should be found.
A Note on Quasi-Similarity of Operators in Hilbert Spaces
(Chuka University, 2016) Sitati, I.N.; Musundi, S.W.
This paper reports on the notion of Quasi-similarity of bounded linear operators in Hilbert Spaces, defines a quasi-affinity from one Hilbert Space H to K and discusses results on quasi-affinities. It has been shown that on a finite dimensional Hilbert Space, quasi-similarity is an equivalence relation; it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Using the definition of commutants of two operators, an alternative result is given to show that quasi-similarity is an equivalence relation on an infinite dimensional Hilbert Space. The relationship between quasi-similarity and almost similarity equivalence relations in Hilbert Spaces using hermitian and normal operators is established.
Impact of Information Technology on Library Services: A Case Study of Chuka University Library
(Chuka University, 2016) Tuei, N.C.; Kagure, P.; Kinoti, M.
Information technology has provided libraries with opportunities to share innovative practices and concepts by providing platforms where individuals can come together and collaborate. The study examined the impact of information technology on library services in Chuka University Library. The paper traces briefly the history of Chuka University Library. The study adopted the descriptive survey method. The questionnaire was used as instrument for collecting data. Results showed that use of information technology on library services assists develop the library by ensuring quick delivery, access and easy retrieval of information by users. Inadequate librarians' information technology skills, provision of information technology training programmes and infrastructure hinder the effective use of information technology in Chuka University library. Therefore, there should be adequate training and retraining of librarians to equip them with the required skills in modern technologies and injection of funds for infrastructural development for effective library services. This will result in the effective delivery of information services.
SocCHAT: An Open Localized Social Network for Digital Marketing, Virtual Networking and Mentorship in Universities
(Chuka University, 2016) Tuei, K.K.
Social Networks have become the best tools for digital marketing. Careers have been developed, enabling public and private institutions to tap into the growing number of social media users. The government has also created institutional accounts in major social platforms to engage with citizens for effective service delivery and real time feedback. This study showed that universities can deploy an open social network for digital marketing, virtual networking and mentorship and have complete control over it, develop its on terms of service, statement of rights and responsibilities, as well as privacy policy. This would help disseminate information better than notice-boards, and obtain feedback in real time to save paper. The open social network discussed is the Humhub, so far deployed and tested. It offers rich features that would ensure continuous traffic to the university website which is usually low since clients rarely visit their own websites. SocChat offers mentorship features for instilling self-confidence, motivation and passion that cannot be taught in lecture rooms. It inherits security features offered by Yii Framework from which it has been developed using the PHP scripting language.
Soad: An Application for Peer to Peer Web Communication Between Users in a Network
(Chuka University, 2016) Muturi, I.M.
Web technology has emerged as effective tool for communication, socialization, e-commerce, e-government, research, mass awareness and information sharing. With advancement in technology such as Wi-Fi many people access this technology. Today, many places have Wi-Fi network, but people haven’t fully exploited it due to cost and limited connectivity. It is possible to scan a Wi-Fi network and discover no connection on it. There is thus a need for developing a system that allows free and secure communication between users without interfering with current networking protocols and allowing for interoperability, interactivity and usability between users. The paper presents the SoAd application as a proof of concept in implementing such a system. SoAd was developed using java which is platform independent and supported by many operating systems including mobiles such as AndroidTM. Java.net class is a rich networking tool for socket and URL communication in local and internet networks. SoAd emulates a server as a client and allows communication between users in the network using java sockets. The idea is to allow users communicate without a centralized server when in a network and delivery of information as web contents. This application suits e-commerce and socialization among many others.
Revolutionalising Geospatial Technology in Africa: Awareness Creation on the Available Services and Use of GEONETcast Toolbox
(Chuka University, 2016) Mbaabu, P.R.
Geospatial technology affects almost every aspect of life. The world is so interconnected and everything is based on spatial relationships. A Geospatial technology is a term used to describe the range of modern tools contributing to the geographic mapping and analysis of the earth and human societies. These technologies have been evolving since the first maps were drawn in prehistoric times. There has been intense use of these technologies for a variety of applications in the developed countries and in the US, Canada, Europe and Asia. Unfortunately, exploration of the same in Africa remains a challenge. Consequently, the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) developed the GEONETCast toolbox facility with a focus on Africa’s geospatial needs. It calls for coordination of the Earth Observation systems of various countries, promotes the concept of establishing a Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) that will yield a broad range of societal benefits such as: understanding factors affecting human well-being; understanding, assessing, predicting, mitigating, and adapting to climate variability and change; improving water resource management; improving weather information, forecasting and warning; reducing loss of life and property due to disasters; supporting sustainable agriculture; combating desertification; improving management of energy resources; and protection of terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems. This paper will raise awareness of this facility among African geospatial users, researchers, students, business community and educators, among others.
Cybersecurity Laws and Digital Transformation: A Survey of the State-of-the-Art
(Chuka University, 2016) Mohamed, H. Abdi.
The objective of this paper is to review the existing literature on Cybersecurity Laws and highlight the major challenges in development and application of the necessary instruments of legislation and how this is impacting on digital transformation and development. The global nature of cybercrime has necessitated an urgent drive towards the enactment and harmonization of Cybersecurity laws if digital transformation and development is to be realized. While that is a noble idea, the sluggish pace at which the legislations are being enacted may render them outdated or inapplicable to the current threats that are abound in the security landscape. This has far reaching implications and consequences to digital transformation and development. The paper is based on a literature review of existing published research on cybersecurity, cybercrime, cybersecurity laws and digital transformation. A survey of existing literature was conducted whose findings are presented. The review has shown that cybercrime is a global problem without geographical borders while enacted legislations are not keeping pace with the changing technology landscape and are not harmonized. Cybercrime statistics are inaccurate as many cases go undetected or unreported. It is costly to develop and maintain security and other preventive measures. While efforts have been made towards digitization and development, African continent lacks the human resource capacity and the technology infrastructure necessary to detect, prosecute and convict the perpetrators of cybercrimes. The study findings are intended to assist business managers to effectively understand Cybersecurity and cybercrime in order to review the related Laws, policies and procedures in tandem with national and international standards and conventions. Digital transformation is first and foremost a business transformation; it is not just about technology. Cybersecurity legislation is an essential ingredient to digital transformation. Africa and indeed the world has to heavily invest in Cybersecurity awareness and skills development training, conduct focused research in cyber threat, and develop common cybersecurity frameworks.
Attack Susceptibility of Known Attacks on IEEE 802.11 Public WLAN
(Chuka University, 2016) Mwathi, D.G.; Opiyo, E.; Odongo, O.
Besides WLAN networks popularity in many places, they have security concerns. Whereas efforts have been made to address the security concerns, design flaws in the security mechanisms of IEEE 802.11 standard such as support for vulnerable authentication methods, and poor configurations give rise to a number of potential attacks. Consequently, readily available WLAN attack software tools make exploitation of these weaknesses relatively easy. This paper describes various WLAN attacks together with the vulnerabilities exploited and analyzes the attack susceptibility based on availability of attack tools and ease of their usage in the context of developing countries. The researcher analyzed attack susceptibility of 30 attack tools. Findings revealed that there are many tools that can be used to exploit WLAN vulnerabilities to launch attacks. The attack susceptibility of denial of service, man in the middle and cipher suite attacks were high. Many of the attack tools were open source, multi-platform and downloadable from the vendor website which made their usage level high. The high attack susceptibility suggested that the risk of attack is quite high in developing countries where institutions allocate low budgets on computer and network security design and implementation. Although all risks in using a WLAN network cannot be mitigated, keeping up-to date and implementing all reasonable measures should make WLAN reasonably safe from attack. Institutions need to prioritise and allocate reasonable resources to protecting WLANs against attacks.
Dynamics of Spatial Interaction and Socio-Economic Transformations around Chuka University Main Campus Based on Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
(Chuka University, 2016) Kibetu, D.K.; Mwangi, J.M.; Njue, N.P.
Universities are physical entities exemplifying complex human-land interaction and diverse processes. Their expansion into towns and rural areas drives urbanization, social transformations and economic development. However, with widespread human activities, surrounding ecological conditions change. The present study analyzed the implications of the changing landscape and land use/land cover around Chuka University from 2003 to 2013. Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) change was identified as a key factor driving transformations. The study used GIS and remote sensing to evaluate the dynamics of interactions which have produced the present and historical scenarios. Remote sensing provided multi-temporal data on the patterns and processes of human activities, while GIS mapped and analyzed LULC changes. Results revealed increasing growth of built-up areas, decreasing land under vegetation cover, open spaces and increase in peri-urban agriculture. Ndagani is an upcoming peri-urban center, undergoing rapid growth and expansion through physical factors, demographic changes, land subdivision and sale, accessibility and proximity to motorized roads. The rate of socio-economic transformation taking place in this area could be assessed more effectively if Public Participatory GIS (PPGIS) and biophysical factors were integrated to enhance holistic understanding and decision making for monitoring current changes and forecasting future sustainable development, information exchange and spatial interactions.
Agent-Based Online Secure Disks Using NASD Model Approach
(Chuka University, 2016) Osero, B.O.
Increasing performance and decreasing cost of microprocessors make it feasible to move processing power to the data source. This allowed us to investigate new methods of storage delivery and management not plausible in the past. Our architecture, inspired by agent-based techniques and active disk technology, promotes an open storage management framework that embeds functionality into storage devices. We use local agents to implement self-control with automated capability that can be dynamically adapted to meet storage management through improved search capabilities in the virtual environment and also retain capabilities like security, performance and availability. This paper reports experimentation on how storage virtualisation of network attached devices improves performance by using NASD model, explains attempts in building mobile agent environments on network attached disks, and demonstrates proposed framework that employs mobile agents to supplement the existing NASD model.
Effect of Corporate Sustainability Disclosure on Financial Performance: Evidence from Firms Listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya
(Chuka University, 2016) Gatimbu, K.K.
Corporate environmental disclosure entails reporting impact of company activities such as waste management, recycling, carbon management, emission, pollution, wetland and wildlife conservation in natural environment. Conventional accounting systems are limiting since they fail to directly address sustainability concerns, as well as economic growth against social and environmental needs of various stakeholders. Sustainability has become a major pillar of today’s business activities. Reporting is voluntary in Kenya but is gaining popularity by many companies to enhance reputation, increase brand visibility, and show commitment to environmental protection. However, the value of the practice is still contentious and what really motivates environmental disclosure becomes vital. The Kenyan investment community and other stakeholders lag behind America, Europe and Australia in their willingness and ability to cross-examine sustainability reports for risk and financial modelling. This study consequently aimed at assessing the effect of corporate environmental disclosure on financial performance of listed firms at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. The study established the effect of environmental disclosure on financial performance. It made use of longitudinal secondary data from the annual reports and financial statements. Content analysis of sampled reports was done to examine environmental disclosure practices. A checklist of environmental disclosure items and categories was developed and environmental disclosure indices computed. Casual research design was employed to determine the cause-effect relationship between corporate environmental disclosure and financial performance. Target population of the study was 61 listed companies. Purposive sampling was employed in selecting firms whose annual reports were available, resulting in 32 firms. Coefficient of Skewness was used to test the normality of data. Homoscedasticity and auto-correlation assumptions of the regression model were tested using scatter plots and Durbin Watson test. Linear regression model was used to determine the casual relationship between environmental disclosure and financial performance. The overall model was found to be significant with F=27.016, P˂0.05. The predictor variable explained 47.4% of changes in financial performance. Environmental disclosure with P˂0.05 had a positive significant effect in the mean financial performance. Thus firms should engage in environmental disclosure because it leads to increased financial performance. The findings are useful to the government and managers to ensure policies are put in place to ensure present generations meet their needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs, and form a basis for further research and knowledge generation.
Effects of UV Light on Mechanical Properties and Production of Vitamin D2 in Mushrooms
(Chuka University, 2016) Tindibale, E.L.; Kamweru, P.K.
The sun emits ultraviolet radiation in form of ultraviolet-A (UV-A), ultraviolet-B (UV-B), and ultraviolet-C (UV-C) bands. Ultraviolet light may boost vitamin D2 production in mushrooms which human bodies cannot synthesize. The ergosterol in mushrooms, a component of fungal cell membranes which serves the same function as cholesterol in animal cells, can be converted into vitamin D2 by ultraviolet light. However, mushrooms are conventionally grown in the dark, necessitating artificial ultraviolet irradiation. This study investigated the effects of UV-A and UV-C light on concentration of vitamin D2 in oyster mushrooms during growth and mechanical properties post-harvest. UV exposure times were varied from 10 to 60 minutes per day at intervals of 10 minutes, and irradiation done for three days. UV spectroscopy was used to determine the amounts of Vitamin D2 and the mechanical properties were investigated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA 2980). Absorbance of vitamin D2 for UV-A light ranged from 0.18 to 0.49 for 10 to 60 minutes of irradiation, respectively, while for UV-C light the vitamin D2 content absorbance was 0.38 to 0.81 for 10 to 60 minutes of irradiation, respectively. The storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss factor of the irradiated samples and control samples were determined for both UV bands. UV-C light irradiated samples had higher loss modulus and loss factor, but low storage modulus as temperature increased from 35-100oC with respect to the control sample, while UV-A light irradiated samples had lower loss modulus, low loss factor, and higher storage modulus than UV-C irradiated samples. Thus, oyster mushrooms with a well-defined content of vitamin D2 can be obtained without largely affecting the mechanical properties and the quality of the mushrooms.
Role of The African Traditional Religion in The Promotion of Justice, Reconciliation and Peace in Africa: A Kenyan Experience
(Chuka University, 2016) Kagema, D. N.
Although Africa is today a home to many religious organizations and many people have viewed this as a positive development in the continent, the situation is otherwise different. The entire continent is bleeding from the pain of tribal animosity, ethnic tension, hatred, violence, poverty, political instability, injustices etc. Religions are basically meant to help people in their tribulations but religious pluralism in Africa has brought conflict, tension and confusion in families and communities. Religions in Africa have also not brought forth justice, reconciliation and peace in Africa. This has, however, not always been the case. Prior to the coming of new religions and foreign cultures, human life was relatively stable with the African Traditional Religion (ATR) greatly influencing lives of people where it gave meaning and purpose to all aspects of thought and action. Africans were notoriously religious and this religiosity helped create an atmosphere where justice, reconciliation and peace prevailed at all costs. Drawing examples from various communities in Kenya, this paper will show that ATR is still alive in Africa where it continues to influence all aspects of life whether social, economic, religious or political and is responsible for shaping the character and culture of Africans to date. It suggests that rather than regarding African religion and culture as primitive or old fashioned, they should be employed in the promotion of justice, reconciliation and peace in the troubled African continent. ATR being a living religion in Africa cannot be ignored as Africa struggles with challenges facing it today.
Sociological Thought of Prophet Sakawa Among Abagusii for Sustainable Development in Modern Kisii Town
(Chuka University, 2016) Okebiro, G. N.
The Abagusii had a famous prophet known as Sakawa, who prophesied that “Amandegere name Getembe kia’gusuku, no’oyobwate omomura nayae” [the mushrooms would sprout in Getembe [Kisii town] and whoever has a son/daughter would harvest them]. This had sociological and philosophical connotations and needed deep interpretation and application to the present development going on in Kisii town. The paper focused on how the society despised the sociological thought, which was key to development and economic growth of people dwelling in Kisii town and later regretted once those who interpreted and applied became the beneficiary to socio-economic growth in Kisii town. The paper applied content analysis and observation method in development and economic growth of Kisii town, since the time of Sakawa’s thought through to the present. Kisii Town is like prophet Sakawa’s sociological thought and prophesy that “the mushrooms would sprout in Kisii town and whoever who has a son/daughter would harvest them”; in other words, those who had money could buy land in Kisii town and build storey houses and be sources of economic growth. It is argued that even to the present those who have wealth would acquire any land in any town in Kenya. The sociological thought was vital in 1920’s and it’s quite relevant and applicable in the modern contemporary societies among the Abagusii and other peoples in Kenya, Africa and the whole world. It is recommended that sociological thought be applied to lead people to sustainable development in the country, Africa and globally.
Credit Information Sharing Influence On Loan Default in Deposit Taking Saccos in Meru County
(Chuka University, 2016) Maina, J. N.; Kinyariro, D. K.; Lalampaa, T. J.
The study assessed influence of credit information sharing on loan default in deposit taking SACCOS in Meru County. It was guided by the influence of credit report and credit scoring on loan default. SACCOS in Kenya experience high level of loan default. This trend threatens the ability and sustainability of SACCOS and hinders achievement of goals. Since provision of credit facilities is the core function of every SACCO, success largely depends on profiling borrowers through the information availed. The study adopted a descriptive research design and the population consisted of 57 credit officers of SACCOS in Meru County. Questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were used in data analysis. There existed a significant relationship between credit report credit scoring and loan default in SACCOS. Thus credit information sharing significantly influenced loan default in SACCOS in Meru County. Regulations of SACCOS in sharing information on non-performing loans to aid in risk mitigation should be operationalised. Credit information sharing should be extended to all other SACCOS, including the non-deposit taking ones, to increase data for borrowers’ profiling.
Assessment of Utilization of Counselling Services Among Students in Kenyan Universities
(Chuka University, 2016) Karimi, J.
In Kenya, guidance and counselling has been appreciated as an integral part of education and it seeks to address and resolve problems so that one can live at peace with oneself in the environment. Despite the existence of guidance and counselling services in Kenyan universities, needs continue to be reported among students. This study assessed the level of utilization of counselling services among students in Kenyan universities. Descriptive survey research design was used. Student needs assessment questionnaire, peer counselors questionnaire and an interview schedule were used to collect data from 486 respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The majority of the students did not utilize the counselling services offered in the universities. Thus universities should sensitize students on importance of seeking counselling services available.
Speech Acts Features of Kimuthambi Utterances Used for Persuasion
(Chuka University, 2016) Ireri, H.; Muriungi, P. K.; Waita, Z. N.; Muriungi, C. K.
Persuasion is inherent in everyday communication and is very important in relationships, leadership, peace-building and success in virtually every area of livelihood. The objective of this study was to describe the speech acts features of Kimuthambi utterances used for persuasion. Language is a strong tool for persuasion. Studies have been conducted on persuasion in various languages of the world but Kimuthambi has not been studied on this perspective. Every linguistic variety is unique and culture-dependent and therefore warrants a holistic analysis. The study was guided by the relevance theory by Sperber and Wilson and Searle’s speech act theory. It utilized qualitative and quantitative research designs in Muthambi Division, Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya. The population included all the Kimuthambi communicative events. The researcher purposively sampled ten real life communicative events conducted in Kimuthambi, which involved 14 speakers. Data was collected using a digital audio recorder and an observation schedule. The recorder captured conversations in Kimuthambi in the selected communicative events and the observation schedule was used to record the contextual information. The researcher transcribed utterances from the data collected that utilized strategies used for persuasion. The transcribed utterances were 166. Guided by the communicative principle of relevance, the researcher identified and discussed 84 utterances used for persuasion in Kimuthambi. The study established that speech acts features of Kimuthambi utterances used for persuasion were mainly directives. This study enhanced the analysis of Kimuthambi as a language variety and added to the existing knowledge on pragmatic analysis of persuasion in various languages of the world. It enriched knowledge on tenets of relevance theory, analysis of speech acts of languages spoken in the world and cross-linguistic studies from the perspective of a unique cultural orientation.
Smart Classroom Content Delivery Using Ubiquitous Devices for Kenyan Learning Institutions
(Chuka University, 2016) Gogo, K.
Due to integration of ICT in educational and the evolution of e-learning, there has been a tremendous growth of big data in education. The data have left students with no precise relevant data with regard to their professional content requirements, making students sometimes take a lot of time accessing non-relevant data to their educational/professional needs. This study introduces a platform through which big educational data can be classified, and students’ professional requirements documented. The platform should be able to learn the students’ profession and then avail only relevant data to the profession. The student profession details should be kept within their mobile (ubiquitous) devices that they use to access educational data. This will in turn make learning enjoyable and not time wasting in accessing irrelevant data. The platform should also make it possible for the students’ devices to be located, giving a clear understanding on which classroom the student is based. In designing this system we used the standard system development life cycle, where we design intelligent database, which collects the students’ profession and then searches for the relevant data at the big educational data banks kept in the learning institutions. The education data and the professions were coded for easy matching. The prototype system resulted in 70% relevance during the searches.
National Philosophy and Sustainable Development in Educational Sector in Humanity
(Chuka University, 2016) Okebiro, G. N.; Sikanga, A.; Nyandika, N. M.; Onsomu, R.N.
Philosophies have been a starting point into sustainable development in educational sector in many parts of the world. Therefore, in one time Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania leaders applied a certain philosophy for the success of sustainable educational sector. In this sense, a national philosophy is a system of ideological beliefs and values championed within a country. In Kenya, three philosophies have been applied to steer sustainable development in educational sector since independence until 2000. This paper focuses on how the Kibaki and Uhuru governments have not applied any philosophy and there are glimpses of development in educational sector. The aim of the paper is to report the role of national philosophies and sustainable development in educational sector in Kenya. The paper uses content analysis and non-participant observation method in studying the development since independence to the present. The key results are: African socialism showed the social development in provision of education as a priority and discrimination in schools and residential areas was stopped and a uniform system was adopted. Secondly, “Harambee” philosophy was applied and promoted education as many schools, libraries and laboratories were built and buses purchased through “harambee” funds and even students were able to pursue further education through “harambee” funds. Thirdly, “Nyayo 2 philosophy saw the birth of Moi University as the third public university to be chartered in Kenya. Thus Kenyan national philosophies have promoted education, nationalism and patriotism. It is therefore recommended for the coming government and leadership in Kenya to have a national philosophy to direct and steer the wheel of development for sustainable education sector and prosperity.
Metaphoric Analysis of Mũrĩmi Wa Kahalf’s Pop Song: “Ĩno Nĩ Momo”
(Chuka University, 2016) Gathigia, M. G.
Gĩkũyũ vernacular singer, the late Sammy Mũrĩmi Nderi, better known by his stage name Mũrĩmi wa Kahalf, cut a niche for himself for his hilarious and metaphorical songs. In particular, the song: “Ĩno nĩ momo” has been a massive hit with revelers and deejays in Kenya since being released in 2012 thanks to its use of metaphors and witticism. Basically, the song is about a man who goes to the city and falls in love with a randy, huge woman “momo” and the challenges that come along with such a relationship. Using four annotators including the researcher, this paper set forth to identify the metaphors in the song through the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU), an extended version of Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP). In addition, the study explains the meaning of the metaphors using the Cognitive Linguistics Framework. Content analysis which is within the qualitative research paradigm, also guided the analysis of the song. The study notes that the MIPVU is an effective method of identifying metaphors in songs. The study concludes that metaphor provides a tool for reasoning about one thing in terms of the other. Further, this research recommends that language researchers should employ the MIPVU in the analysis of songs since it does not rely on unilateral introspection in the identification of metaphors.

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