7th International Research Conference of Chuka University,2020

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7 th International Research Conference Theme: “Sharing Current Innovations to Revitalize Economic Development: Proceedings
(Chuka University, 2021) Isutsa, Dorcas K. (Ed.)
ADSORPTION OF LEAD (II) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING MANGROVE ROOTS (Rhizophora mucronata) CHARCOAL-CARBON NANOTUBES NANOCOMPOSITE
(Chuka University, 2021) Ngugi, Fidelis; Mwangi, Joel; Njagi, Eric
Providing clean and affordable water to meet human needs is a grand challenge of the 21st century. Worldwide, water supply struggles to keep up with the fast growing demand, which is exacerbated by population growth, global climate change, and water quality deterioration. Nanotechnology holds great potential in advancing water treatment to improve water treatment efficiency. In this study, Mangrove Roots Charcoal and Carbon Nanotubes (MRC- CNTs) nanocomposite was synthesized and utilized as a novel adsorbent for the removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions. The efficacy of MRC-CNT nanocomposites was investigated in batch mode which involved the effects of pH, temperature, concentration of the lead ions, adsorbent mass and contact time on adsorbates removal. Characterization of the adsorbent was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to observe the morphology of the adsorbent and surface area analysis and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to determine the elemental composition of the adsorbent. Adsorption isotherm models and adsorption kinetic studies were used for data analysis. It was observed that the removal efficiency of Pb (II) ions depended on pH of solution and the maximum efficiency was noticed at pH 7 with adsorption capacity of 3.629 mg/g which was calculated by the Freundlich isotherm model. Kinetic studies were well suited and found in good agreement with pseudo-second order. The results indicated that MRC-CNT nanocomposites would be a promising adsorbent for adsorption of Pb (II) ions from aqueous solutions.
ALTERNATIVE RITE OF PASSAGE FOR THE GIRL CHILD AMONG AMERU COMMUNITY OF KENYA AND THE OBSTACLES IN ACHIEVING ITS SUCCESS: EMBRACING CHANGE FOR A BETTER LIFE
(Chuka University, 2021) Kinyua, Susan M.
Every year thousands of girls and women in the Ameru community undergo female genital mutilation according to the Meru tradition. This is a traditional cultural practice which has two components; the actual surgical operation, education guidance and counseling during seclusion and healing process. Largely, the education that is given tithe girls during this period contains some positive aspects which are beneficial to them and the community and therefore should be encouraged. However, the physical cut which is harmful and potentially life threatening and causes distressing pain and suffering should be abandoned. This paper will focus on both the primary targets who are the girls as well as the secondary targets who are the girls’ parents and other close relatives, the peers (boys and girls), community opinion leaders, religious leaders, politicians, government officials and the circumcisers to help bring change. It is hoped that through awareness creation and sensitization forums the targeted groups will experience and acquire the necessary knowledge, skills and develop attitude that will lead to socio-cultural change and transformation of Ameru community as far as FGM is concerned.
AN ANALYSIS OF INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS AFFECTING OPTIMIZATION OF COFFEE YIELDS IN CHUKA SUB-COUNTY, THARAKA NITHI COUNTY, KENYA
(Chuka University, 2021-12-04) Gathungu, G.K; Kihoro, D.M; Thogori, M
The importance of coffee production in the world economy cannot be ruled out due to its contribution in the developing countries in areas such as creation of employment and rise in foreign exchange. Most of the coffee producing countries in the world have come up with strategies to increase their quantity and improve the quality of their produce. In Kenya, the government have also come with numerous policies to support coffee production at the farm level but production of coffee in Kenya has since 1989 crop year been declining. There has been emergence of other enterprises that are profitable than coffee production such as real estate and dairy sector in most of the coffee- growing zones, but there are many farmers who have been determined to maintain coffee production. Despite the efforts made by the government to maximise coffee production in terms of quality and quantity, production has shown a downward trend, with some farmers completely doing away with production This study was aimed at assessing the factors that affect optimization of coffee production in Chuka sub-County, Thaka-Nithi County. Stratified random sampling was used to select a sample of 140 respondents from a population of 7,428 small-scale coffee farmers from ten cooperatives in the sub-County. The findings of the study indicated that access to extension, access to research and management of coffee cooperative were essential in coffee production with a mean agreement of 58.33%. The research established that access to extension (5%) and management of cooperatives (5%) were statistically significant while access to research at (5%) was statistically insignificant. Similarly, access to extension services increased optimization by 91%, poor management of coffee cooperatives reduced production by 45.1%, while access to research increased coffee production by 51%. Therefore, it is important to ensure farmers access extension services, research and improve management of coffee cooperatives.
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF BOREHOLE WATER IN CHUKA SUB-COUNTY, KENYA
(Chuka University, 2021) Rugendo, Edith M.
Groundwater from shallow aquifers is an important source of portable water in Chuka Sub-County. However, most shallow boreholes in Chuka Sub-County are undocumented and susceptible to contamination by both geogenic and anthropogenic activities. This study was conducted to evaluate the quality of shallow boreholes water in Chuka Sub-County. Samples were collected from twenty boreholes in Chuka Sub-County during the dry and wet seasons. The temperature, pH and conductivity were determined in situ using a meter. The concentration of cations was determined using ICP-MS. The concentrations of anions were determined using standard APHA analytical methods. Obtained data was analyzed using SAS software version 9.4. The temperatures and conductivities of borehole waters were within the limits set by KEBS and WHO. The pH of water in most boreholes during the wet season was within the limits set by KEBS and WHO. However, borehole water at Karandini (T15) was highly acidic (pH of 3.95) during the wet season. During the dry season, borehole waters were slightly acidic (4.42 - 6.44) except for the borehole at Ndagani market (T11), whose water was alkaline (pH = 8.75). The concentrations of macro cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) were higher during the dry season. The concentrations of the trace and toxic cations differed significantly across sites and seasons but were within the limits set by KEBS and WHO. The concentrations of anions (NO - , SO 2- , Cl and PO 3- ) were within the limits set by KEBS and WHO3 for portable4 water. 4However, the concentration of nitrate in several boreholes during the dry season was within the range that cause chronic health effects including colorectal, ovarian, thyroid, kidney and bladder cancers. Groundwater from most boreholes in Chuka Sub-County is generally safe for domestic uses but require regular monitoring for quality.
ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH AMONG RICE MILL WORKERS IN CENTRAL KENYA (MWEA)
(Chuka University, 2021) Njue, Richard Mwaniki
Rice milling involves removal of the husk and bran layer, a process which causes emission of inorganic dust and synthetic chemicals that have adverse effects on respiratory health, eyes and skin of exposed workers. Further, rice husk is known to have high silica content which may cause pulmonary disease resembling asbestosis and possibly bronchogenic carcinoma. It is estimated that most workers spend a third of their time at work hence the need for positive occupational risk perception through awareness which has a significant impact on safe behaviour at work. This study assessed the level of awareness on occupational safety and health among rice mill workers in central Kenya (Mwea). Four out of the seven large scale mills were selected at random for the purpose of this study. The study population was 400 and the sample size was 196. Cross sectional survey study design was adopted and structured questionnaires were administered. The level of training (21%) and knowledge (24%) of safety and health at workplace was low. The supervisors’ awareness was also low (33%) across the sampled mills. The respondents’ perception of the positive safety climate was (53%) disagree while the managers’ measure of importance of health and safety in the workplace on a scale of 1 to 10 was at an average of 4.5. There was no significant association between safety awareness and age (p=0.919) and the cross tabulation between level of education and safety awareness was p=0.98. None of the selected mills had registered their premises as a workplace or formed safety and health committee. The study concluded that the level of awareness on safety and health was low among the workers and occupiers of the workplaces in the selected rice mills. The government should deal with the abysmal registration of workplaces for improved level of awareness, workers enlightenment of legal rights and reduced workplace hazards, injuries and accidents.
BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF DOMESTIC BOREHOLES IN THARAKA NITHI COUNTY, KENYA
(Chuka University, 2021) Kithaka, Samson Chabari; Ogolla, Fredrick O.; Karimi, Jedida
Water shortage that is caused by long droughts and higher cost of accessing piped water have forced many households in Kenya to opt for wells and borehole water. Where they are used, boreholes are exposed to contaminationbypathogenic microorganismsfrom nearbytoilets,defecationfromdomesticatedanimalsand surface runoff.Despiteofknown healthconcernsofconsumingcontaminated water manyruralresidentsconsumeborehole water whose portability is not determined and may not meet WHO standards. Thus, this study was conducted in Tharaka Nithi County to determine bacterial safety of selected wells and boreholes in Maara, IgambaNgombe and Tharaka Constituencies between March to September 2019. A total of 108 water samples were collected from 36 boreholes. The samples were analyzed at Chuka University using most probable number methods, Plate count and bacteria species identified using selected biochemical methods. Data (MPN) for different locations of study and boreholes were compared using general linear method in SAS. Significance means were separated using least significant difference post hoc test in SAS version 9.4. Number of bacteria isolated from water samples were also compared using general linear model. Feacal coliform values exceeding WHO recommendation of (0 CFU/ 100 ml was observed in all borehole surveyed. Mean MPN value of 17.5/ 100 ml CFU was observed in Kawangware in tharakasouth.ColiformbacteriaE.coli,Bacillusspp,Klebsiellasppwereisolated inallthewatersampled.However, E. coli followed by Bacillus sppwere higher compared to the rest of isolates.Occurrence of these bacteria in borehole water put the health of depended consumers at risk of infection
CHALLENGES FACING TOURISM PROMOTION IN KIAMBU COUNTY, KENYA
(Chuka university, 2021) Kambaga, Dustan,
The Vision 2030 and Tourism County Promotion Master Plans were envisaged to provide a good starting point for county tourism promotion however a number of challenges must be addressed to ensure competitiveness in the sector. The purpose of this research study is to assess challenges facing tourism promotion in Kiambu county, the specific objectives of the study were to find out the extent to which infrastructure and security affect tourism promotion in Kiambu county. The study used descriptive research design; data was collected from primary sources with the use of questionnaires. The study analyzed the data, using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequencies, tables. Percentages and correlation tests were used in the data analysis and summaries. Respondents were asked to respond to a set of statements on the likert scale where 5=strongly agreed, 4= agreed 3= neutral, 2= disagree, 1= strongly disagree. Most respondents had enough knowledge to understand and respond to the questions, descriptive analysis was used to summarize data regarding infrastructure and security and challenges on tourism promotion. It’s evident that majority of the respondents strongly agreed that infrastructure, and security affect tourism promotion in Kiambu county. The researcher conducted a Correlation analysis us to investigate the existence and nature of relationship between infrastructure and security on tourism promotion. The study concludes that tourism promotion is strongly influenced by infrastructure with 41.4% change followed by safety and respectively as indicated by a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.653** and 611** This relationship was found to be statistically significant as the significant value was 0.010 which is less than 0.05 threshold. To achieve efficiency in the sector, efforts have to be undertaken to address impending challenges responsible for the stunted growth of the country’s tourism sector. The researcher recommends for further research on a wider scope for instance all counties in Kenya, while considering all challenges in the sector since the study could not exhaust all the challenges affecting tourism product promotion. Keywords: Product, Promotion, Tourism, Challenges, Kiambu County.
CHANGING TRENDS IN MALE INITIATION RITE OF CIRCUMCISION AMONG THE AMERU OF IMENTI SOUTH SUBCOUNTY (1950-2016)
(Chuka University, 2021) Kathio, Isaac.; Nkonge, Dickson K.; Kithinji, Caroline M.
Male initiation rite of circumcision has been a subject of discussion but the truth has been concealed because it was often presented as an unpenetratable topic by the Ameru because of the secrecy of the rite. The Bukusu, the Maasai, the Pokot, the Agikuyu and the Ameru have over the years carried out the rite traditionally. Changes in male initiation rite of circumcision from traditional to modern among the Ameru of Imenti South Sub County began way back before 1950s. The changing trend has left the Meru people of Imenti South Sub County in a dilemma on the ideal form of male initiation rite of circumcision. This study investigated the changing trends from traditional to modern in male initiation rite of circumcision among the Ameru of Imenti South Sub County between 1950 and 2016. The objectives of the study were to examine the changes in male circumcision practices, to establish the causes of the changes and the effects arising from changes in male initiation rite of circumcision among the Ameru of Imenti South Sub County. The significance of this study is that it contributes to social historiography of the Ameru of Imenti South Sub County. The study covers the period between 1950 and 2016, the peak of colonial domination and the climax of changes respectively. Literature presented is on male initiation among the Ameru, changes in male initiation rite, causes of changes and effects arising from the changes. The study was guided by Modernization Theory in exploring avenues of transition of male initiation rite of circumcision from traditional to modern. Descriptive research design was used. The location of the study was Imenti South Sub County of Meru County. The target population was 61,091 from three divisions in the Sub County namely Nkuene, Abogeta and Igoji. Simple random sampling method was used in this study. Research instruments used were interview schedules, focus group discussions and observation. Data was collected from oral, secondary and archival sources. Data from oral sources was corroborated with data from archival and secondary sources to ensure validity and reliability of the study. Qualitative data was analyzed using descriptive narratives while quantitative data got was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentages and tables. Data got through observation was presented in pictorial form. This study established that changes in male circumcision can be traced from the time of colonialism. The major findings of this research were that traditional practice involved use of same knife on the initiates; the people were superstitious and that interaction between the indigenous people, colonialists and missionaries as early made the Ameru to embrace modern male circumcision. Changes were noted in the education offered, tools used, seclusion, commercialization of circumcision and method of circumcision. Changes were facilitated by urbanization, formal schooling, health facilities and colonization all of which were intended to Christianize the operations. The factors leading to change included Christianity, western formal education, individualism, high cost of living, health concerns, advocacy and urbanization. It was established that effects of changes included but not limited to social disorder, rivalry among groups, HIV protection and bad neighborliness. The study established drastic changes in male initiation rite of circumcision such as involvement of women and documentation of the process. The effects of changes are being dealt with by the government, the church and the civil society through advocacy and blending of traditional and modern aspects of male rite of circumcision. This study will bridge the knowledge gap on male initiation among the Ameru of Imenti South Sub County and provide empirical data that can be of use to other scholars carrying out related studies.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF AFRICAN BLUE BASIL (Ocimum KilimandscharicumGuerke) AS A PYRETHRUMSYNERGIST
(Chuka University, 2021) Ondigo, Rachel A.; Sum, Kefa S.; Samita, Fidelis N.
Concern on quality and safety of life in managing mosquitoes, has shifted steadily from the use of conventional chemicalstowardsalternative botanicalinsecticidesthataretarget-specific,biodegradableandenvironmentallysafe. Pyrethrins are natural plant compounds used in commercial vector control. They are usually formulated with synergists to improve quality, increase efficacy, mitigate resistance and make them cost effective. This discovery of insecticidal synergists initiated the use of insecticide synergist, Piperonylbutoxide(PBO), which is obtained from Safrole a main component of sassafras. Ocimumkilimandscharicumof the family Lamiaceae, commonly known as African Blue Basil and ‘okita’ in native Luo language, is a perennial, under shrub with simple ovate-oblong leaves. Earlier findings showed that the plant consists of linalool, camphor and 1,8-cineole. Literature review revealed no report available on the chemical composition of the essential oil and its economic importance fromKenya. In lightof this observation, this article presents identified essential oil composition from the leaves ofkilimandscharicumcollected from the Kipkaren in Nandi county(Kenya), as alternative recipe that can be used as pyrethrum synergist. The essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation of the leaves of kilimandscharicum, and then analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Seventeen constituents were identified, most of which were mainly phenylpropane and their derivatives. Most of whose functional group is methylenedioxyphenyl which form the binding site for the insecticide during the reaction of insecticide against insects. The findings of this research could enable further exploration for large scale production and exploitation of the biological synergists for commercial application; which could go along revitalizing agriculture and environment. Biological products are biodegradable as opposed to convectional pyrethrum synergist, PBO currently being used by the Pyrethrum Boardof Kenya. Further research to identify the active component of the seventeen constituents is inevitable.
COMPENSATION AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC HEALTH FACILITIES IN THARAKA NITHI COUNTY, KENYA
(Chuka university, 2021) Fredrick Nthiga, Njiru; Catherine Kathure, Kaimenyi
The ever changing global business environment calls for innovative ways of stimulating employees to exert full effort in performance in order to acquire the most needed competitive advantage. The objective of the study was to establish the influence of employee compensation on performance in the Public Health Facilities in Tharaka Nithi County. The study was motivated by the increasing rate of industrial unrest in the County’s Public Health Facilities and was informed by universalistic perspective theory. Correlation research design was used with a target population of 883 employees in the 92 public health facilities in Tharaka Nithi County. Systematic random sampling was used to select a sample of 275 respondents for the study. A structured questionnaire was used as the research instrument. To establish the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, a pilot study of 43 respondents at Tharaka District Hospital was conducted. The researcher self-administered the research instruments, developed in form of a five point Likert scale for easy data collection. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of SPSS to establish the influence of compensation on employee performance. The overall significance of the model was tested using F-test at 95% significance level. The study established that there existed positive statistically significant relationship between employee compensation and employee performance with a P – value of 0.000. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the County Government of Tharaka Nithi should employ effective employee compensation scheme, comprising of both financial and non-financial compensation. The study findings are of benefit to the management and policy makers of the County in formulating policies that will ensure that employee performance in Public Health facilities is highly enhanced. Keywords: Public Health Facilities, Employee Performance, compensation, remuneration
COUNTY GOVERNMENT SUPPORT AND QUALITY OF SERVICE DELIVERY IN PRE-PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN MURANG’A COUNTY, KENYA
(CHUKA UNIVERSITY, 2021) Muthoni, Kamau; Ouko, Ong’ang’a; Githui, Kimamo
National Early Childhood Development Policy framework in Kenya has been in place since the year 2006 accompanied by a service guideline to promote its implementation. The goal of the policy framework was to enhance access, equity, and quality services for all children from conception through 8 years. Furthermore, a new pre-primary policy was introduced in 2017. However, even with the policies in place there are quality issues in Pre Primary Schools in Murang’a County. It is documented that Pre-primary schools in the County have poor infrastructure coupled with poor delivery of content at this level. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the influence of county government support on Quality Service Delivery. Mixed methodology research approach and concurrent triangulation design guided the study. The target population was 1,596 and a sample size of 194 was used in this study. Data was collected using questionnaire for Pre-Primary teachers’, observation schedule for the Pre-Primary schools environment, interview guides for Early Childhood Development officers, parents representatives and Head teachers’/ECD managers. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically and presented in discussion form while quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented using tables and figures. Inferential analysis established that county government support at p<0.001 determined the quality of services delivered in Pre-primary schools. Descriptive analysis revealed that more than half of the Pre-primary schools sampled had benefited from county government in diverse ways toward enhancing quality service delivery. However, thematic analysis brought out the other issues surrounding the support by county government like inadequate funding and delays in release of funds to schools. In addition, private schools reported that they rarely benefit from county government support. Thus, concluding that goals of the ECD policy may not be realized with the current performance in ECD policy implementation. Subsequently, the study recommends that the County government should ensure adequate funding for regular monitoring of both public and private pre-primary schools to promote actualization of policy guidelines for quality services and enhanced positive child development outcomes. Keywords: Quality service delivery, Early Childhood Development, policy framework, Implementation
CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING UTILIZATION OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING SERVICES AMONG STUDENTS IN NATIONAL SCHOOLS IN MERU AND THARAKA NITHI COUNTIES, KENYA
(Chuka University, 2021) Manyara, Ruth N.; Nyaga, Veronica K.
Guidance and Counseling is a process of helping the individual find solutions to own problems and accept them. The provision of Guidance and Counseling to all students in secondary schools in Kenya is fundamental to the success of the Government's overall education development strategy. However, various cultural factors may hinder students' willingness to engage counseling services in solving their inherent problems which is still a persistent problem facing education in Kenya. The purpose of this study is to investigate cultural factors affecting utilization of Guidance and Counseling service, among students in national schools in Meru and Tharaka-Nithi Counties, Kenya. The study was conducted using descriptive survey research design and the target population was 3702 subjects comprising four head teachers, four Guidance and Counseling teachers and 3694 students. The sample size for this study was 377 respondents comprising four head teachers, four Guidance and Counseling teachers and 369 students selected through purposive and stratified random sampling. The research questionnaires were piloted in two national schools in Embu County and involved two head teachers and two guidance and counseling teachers and four students. Reliability of the questionnaire was tested through test-retest method. Quantitative data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 for windows. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze quantitative data. The study makes the conclusion that Guidance and Counseling in Kenyan secondary schools need to be re-emphasized to address cultural factors that affect its utilization. Involvement of all stakeholders including parents, teachers, and opinion leaders in sensitizing the community to shun factors such as cultural beliefs, taboos and myths in education provision was among the recommendations made. The Ministry of Education should introduce mandatory in-service training in Guidance and Counseling for teacher counselors with no basic training in Guidance and Counseling.
DIRECT AND MATERNAL (CO)VARIANCE COMPONENTS AND GENETIC PARAMETERS FOR GROWTH TRAITS OF DORPER SHEEP IN SEMI-ARID KENYA
(Chuka university, 2021) C. M., Kariuki
Genetic and phenotypic parameters for lamb growth traits for the Dorper sheep were estimated from data obtained from the Sheep and Goats Station in Naivasha, Kenya. Traits considered were body weights at birth (BW0, kg), at 1 month (BW1, kg), at 2 months (BW2, kg), at weaning (WW, kg), at 6 months (BW6, kg), at 9 months (BW9, kg) and at yearling (YW, kg), average daily gain from birth to 6 months (ADG0–6, gm) and from 6 months to 1 year (ADG6–12, gm). Direct heritability estimates were, 0.18, 0.36, 0.32, 0.28, 0.21, 0.14, 0.29, 0.12 and 0.30 for BW0, BW1, BW2, WW, BW6, BW9, YW, ADG0–6 and ADG6–12, respectively. The corresponding maternal genetic heritability estimates for body weights up to 9 months were 0.16, 0.10, 0.10, 0.19, 0.21 and 0.18. Direct maternal genetic correlations were negative and high ranging between −0.47 to −0.94. Negative genetic correlations were observed for ADG0–6 and ADG6–12, BW2 and ADG6–12, WW and ADG6–12 and BW6 and ADG6–12. Phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.15 to 0.96. Maternal effects are important in the growth performance of the Dorper sheep though a negative correlation exists between direct and maternal genetic effects. The current study has provided important information on the extent of additive genetic variation in the existing flocks that could now be used in determining the merit of breeding rams and ewes for sale to the commercial flocks. The estimates provided would form the basis of designing breeding schemes for the Dorper sheep in Kenya. Keywords: Annual trends; Dorper sheep; (Co)variance components; Genetic parameters; Growth traits
DISSEMINATING AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: THE PLACE OF KISWAHILI AND OTHER INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES IN KENYA’S RURAL COMMUNITIES
(Chuka University, 2021) Kevogo, Stanley Adika; Kevogo, Alex Umbima
The significance of research to any endeavour aimed at the realisation of the aspirations of Kenya's Vision 2030 cannot be gainsaid. It goes without saying that in order to generate and disseminate significant knowledge that contributes to national as well as global development, the language employed in communication is very critical. At present, most scientific research is conducted and reported almost entirely in English laced with scientific terminology. This state of affairs speaks to the need to present such findings in a language and form that benefits the nation at large. Consequently, the present paper, seeks to interrogate the nexus between language choice and the uptake of agricultural innovations and technology by rural farming communities who rely almost entirely on either Kiswahili or vernacular languages. It argues that given the present status of Kiswahili as an official as well as national language, scientific research and innovations can easily reach the rural farmer in a language they understand and identify with. It is suggested that there is an urgent need to modernise Kiswahili as well as local community languages in order to disseminate such scientific and technical innovations through them. The paper will contribute insights in the fields of terminology and scientific discourse in Kiswahili and other African languages.
DISSEMINATING AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: THE PLACE OF KISWAHILI AND OTHER INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES IN KENYA’S RURAL COMMUNITIES
(Chuka University, 2021) Kevogo, Stanley Adika; Kevogo, Alex Umbima
The significance of research to any endeavour aimed at the realisation of the aspirations of Kenya's Vision 2030 cannot be gainsaid. It goes without saying that in order to generate and disseminate significant knowledge that contributes to national as well as global development, the language employed in communication is very critical. At present, most scientific research is conducted and reported almost entirely in English laced with scientific terminology. This state of affairs speaks to the need to present such findings in a language and form that benefits the nation at large. Consequently, the present paper, seeks to interrogate the nexus between language choice and the uptake of agricultural innovations and technology by rural farming communities who rely almost entirely on either Kiswahili or vernacular languages. It argues that given the present status of Kiswahili as an official as well as national language, scientific research and innovations can easily reach the rural farmer in a language they understand and identify with. It is suggested that there is an urgent need to modernise Kiswahili as well as local community languages in order to disseminate such scientific and technical innovations through them. The paper will contribute insights in the fields of terminology and scientific discourse in Kiswahili and other African languages.
DISSEMINATING AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: THE PLACE OF KISWAHILI AND OTHER INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES IN KENYA’S RURAL COMMUNITIES
(Chuka University, 2021) Kevogo, Stanley Adika; Kevogo, Alex Umbima
The significance of research to any endeavour aimed at the realisation of the aspirations of Kenya's Vision 2030 cannot be gainsaid. It goes without saying that in order to generate and disseminate significant knowledge that contributes to national as well as global development, the language employed in communication is very critical. At present, most scientific research is conducted and reported almost entirely in English laced with scientific terminology. This state of affairs speaks to the need to present such findings in a language and form that benefits the nation at large. Consequently, the present paper, seeks to interrogate the nexus between language choice and the uptake of agricultural innovations and technology by rural farming communities who rely almost entirely on either Kiswahili or vernacular languages. It argues that given the present status of Kiswahili as an official as well as national language, scientific research and innovations can easily reach the rural farmer in a language they understand and identify with. It is suggested that there is an urgent need to modernise Kiswahili as well as local community languages in order to disseminate such scientific and technical innovations through them. The paper will contribute insights in the fields of terminology and scientific discourse in Kiswahili and other African languages.
DOES NEIGHBORHOOD’S PHYSICAL FACILITIES INFLUENCE CRIME COMMISSION? EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT FROM KIAMBU COUNTY, KENYA
(Chuka University, 2021) Omonya, Kenneth S.; Mbuba, Jospeter M.; Kiboro, Christopher N.
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of physical facilities on crime commission in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study specifically looked at the influence of built environment and natural environment on crime commission. The target population for this study was 245,820 subjects comprising of the business owners, security agents and area residents within the 3 locations of Thika West Sub-county, Kiambu County. The study adopted descriptive research design. Data was analyzed using categorical regression model. Stratified random sampling was used to classify the population into 3 locations. Simple random sampling was used to select 27 business owners and 97 area residents from each of the 3 locations. Also 12 police officers were randomly sampled from each of the two police stations within the Sub-county. The 3 chiefs from the three locations and Deputy County Commander (DCC) were also included in the study sample. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires administered to the study sample. The validity of research instruments was tested using content validity and reliability using Cronbach Alpha. The findings of this study were that increase in physical facilities measured in terms of unregulated number of bars, abandoned buildings, commercial areas etc. leads to rise of crime rates. The conclusion was that; physical facilities that exist in a neighborhood are related to crime commission. Different facilities attract different crimes. Some facilities attract more crimes than others. Facilities have a significant effect on crime at nearby places even controlling for socio-demographic variables. The study recommends a comparative research that focuses on the influence of one type of physical facility on crime commission in different types of neighborhood.
EDUCATION AND TRAINING REVITALIZATION INNOVATIONS INFLUENCE OF STUDENTS SELF-CONCEPT ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN MERU SOUTH SUB-COUNTY, KENYA
(CHUKA UNIVERSITY, 2021) Rugendo, Kithinji; Wanja, Njagi; Nelson, Jagero
Mathematics has become the backbone for prosperity in almost all field of Life. Secondary school mathematics education lays a strong foundation for all types of learning at the secondary school level and more so at higher levels of learning. Thus, mathematics is a prerequisite for better achievement at higher stage. Developing individuals with strong self-concept do contribute significantly to their performance. Studies on self-concept and their impacts on academic performance have predominantly focused on teachers’ specific instructional methods. Students believe knowing mathematics is about remembering and applying certain rules correctively in a problem and that the only correct answer is the one given by the teacher. Most research into factors that influence academic performance mainly focus on cognitive domains but less on affective domains of learning. Students Self-concept has been linked to academic achievement, social adjustment, healthy behaviour and positive employment outcomes. Thus, there is comparatively little self-concepts research examining influence of students’ self- concept construct (academic effort, family background, students’ perception and number of contact hours of the teacher) on academic performance. The researcher used a quantitative approach using correlational design was utilized. Constructs of self-concept were hypothesized to influence academic performance. This design allows the understanding of important phenomena through the identification of relationship among variables. Simple random sampling was carried out in select Coeducational schools. The study population was all Form two students in Kitui County. The sample size was 277 Form two students in Meru South Sub- County, Kenya. The instrument for data collection was self-description questionnaire. Students completed self-concepts scales and the data was recorded. Students’ average marks were collected and then analyzed to observe whether there was a trend between high self-concept and higher academic performance. Quantitative data collected was analyzed using mean, standard deviation, a one way ANOVA with the help of Statistical Package of Social Scientists (SPSS) version 22.0. Cronbach alpha was used to test reliability of the research instrument. The reliability was found to be 0.84. The study revealed a strong relationship between students self – concept and academic performance. On students effort and students family background, girls recorded higher variability on interest in learning, Self-concept is perceived positively by students; however this does not affect directly students’ mathematical performance but does so when students put less efforts in solving problem on what has been taught to them previously. The researcher recommends that teachers and all stakeholders should take it as their responsibility to develop students’ positive self-concept when interacting with them. Keywords: Effect, Self-concept, academic performance, student perception, family background, contact hours
EFFECT OF MINERAL MIX AND CONCENTRATE FEEDS ON MILK REVENUE OF SMALLHOLDER DAIRY FARMERS IN KAPSERET SUB-COUNTY
(Chuka University, 2021-12-04) Bett, J.K; Munyiri, S.W; Nkari, I.M
Dairy farming contributes about eight percent of National Gross Domestic Product with an annual milk production of 3.43 billion litres. It supports the livelihood of approximately four million Kenyans through food provision, income generation and employment. However, milk production per individual animal in Kenya, averaging six to seven (6-7) litres/cow/day, is low compared to the world’s best at 10,133 litres/cow/year (28 litres/cow/day) mainly due to factors including poor feeding. This means that Kenya produces an average of 20 litres of milk less per cow per day compared to the world’s best. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mineral mix and concentrate feeds on milk revenue of smallholder dairy farmers in Kapseret Sub-county. The study was conducted between the months of January-March, 2020. Primary data was collected using closed and open ended questionnaires. Karl Pearson’s product moment correlation was used to show the strength of the relationship between the variables. Multiple regression model was employed to assess the effect of supplementation on milk revenue. Results were presented in tables, and descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequencies. The results indicated a positive and statistically significant relationship between the variables (concentrate feeds and mineral mix) and milk revenue at (r=0.414, p=0.000) and (r=0.302, p=0.000), respectively. The relationship between mineral mix and concentrate feeds was positive and statistically significant (r=0.922, p=0.000). Subsequent feeding of homemade or commercial concentrates such as dairy meal and mineral mix to dairy animals also influenced milk revenue. The study concluded that mineral mix and concentrate feeds increased milk revenue of smallholder dairy farmers in Kapseret Sub-county. The study recommended the use of mineral mix, commercial concentrates or quality homemade concentrates in order to increase farmers’ milk revenue.

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