9th International Research Conference Proceedings Chuka University, 2022

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Biblical and theological basis for church involvement in community development: a case of the Anglican development services in Kenya
(Chuka University, 2022-11-24) Wambugu P. M. , Kagema D. N. and Micheni S.
The study sought to establish the biblical and theological basis for church involvement in Community Development (CD). The Anglican Development Services (ADS) of the Anglican Church was used as the case for this study. The study targeted four ADS regions namely; Pwani, Eastern, Mount Kenya East and NAIKA (Nairobi, Kajiado and All Saints). The theory of Reconstruction Theology (RT) advanced by Jesse Mugambi as a paradigm for CD was employed. A sample of 330 respondents gotten from a target population of 1,827 was used. Descriptive survey design was employed. Utilizing questionnaires, interviews, and Focus Group discussions data was gathered. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 computer software was used to analyze quantitative data in frequency and percentages while qualitative data was analyzed thematically and narrative formats in accordance with the study objectives. The findings showed that biblical and theological basis for church involvement in CD were highly valued. This compels the church to engage community in socio-economic and political development through conscientization, transformational participatory and goal-oriented empowerment. The study recommends more effort be made to disseminate biblical and theological teachings to educate communities about wholistic mission of the church. Implementation of CD be based upon proper biblical hermeneutics and contextual theologies as a demonstration of service to the poor, the marginalized and the vulnerable in community. Key Words: Community Development, Anglican Church of Kenya, Anglican Development Services, Biblical and Theological Basis, Church Involvement
Effects Of Agricultural Nutrients Influx on Water Quality in Thiba River Basin, A Sub-Catchment of Tana River Basin in Kirinyaga County, Kenya.
(Chuka University, 2023) Njue J. M., Magana A. M. & Githae E. W.
Excessive enrichment of waters with nutrients and the associated adverse biological effects leads to eutrophication, which is one of the major environmental problems across the world. Various studies have revealed the overuse of inorganic fertilizers to increase agricultural productivity in Kenya, which contributes to pollution of water bodies. In order to meet increasing demand for clean water, sustainable use and conservation of available water resources is therefore paramount. This study was done to find out effects of agricultural nutrient pollution in Thiba River, a sub- catchment of Tana River Basin, located in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. The study area was divided into four distinct agro-ecological zones based on different anthropogenic activities. Ecological survey design was used in the study. Sampling was done during the wet and dry season. Water samples were analyzed for temperature, transparency, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia and toxic microalgae. All parameters showed both spatial and temporal variations with statistically significant differences. Temperature of the river ranged from 14.57 0C to 28.08 0C due to climatic changes along the agro-ecological zones. The pH ranged from 7.02 to 8.51. The DO values decreased from the highlands to lowland within the range of 9.00 mg/l at the reference site to 5.43 mg/l at the most polluted site. EC ranged from 20.54 µScm- 1 at the reference site during the wet season to 251.2 µScm-1 at the rice irrigation scheme site during the dry season. Water transparency ranged from 15cm to 81cm. This was low during the wet season and high during dry season. The highest values of BOD (3.49 mg/l) were recorded at the rice irrigation scheme during the wet season and the lowest (0.22 mg/l) at the forest edge reference site. The lowest levels of NH4, P, NO2 and NO3 were recorded at the forest edge reference site at 1.088 µg/l, 1.177 µg/l, 0.217 µg/l and 0.148 µg/l respectively during the dry season while the highest values for the same nutrients were recorded at the rice irrigation site at 11.439 µg/l, 4.933 µg/l, 1.518 µg/l and 2.721 µg/l in the same order. There was a high peak of all nutrient levels at the rice irrigation scheme zone which was attributed to the extensive use of inorganic fertilizers. Dam water samples were analyzed for members of Cyanobacteria group of microalgae which are bio-indicators of eutrophic waters. Out of the seven members of this group that were identified four were toxic genera. These were Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Anabaena and Microcystis. During the wet season Nostoc had the highest population followed by Oscillatoria and Anabaena. No Microcystis was observed during the wet season. There was a steady increase of all the genera during the dry season with Microcystis making appearance. Microcystis and Oscillatoria had a very high correlation. This study concludes that various anthropogenic activities especially agriculture along the study site are the main factors of Thiba River pollution hence a major threat to human, livestock and aquatic organisms. Environmental protection laws should be enforced by the government.
On Unitary Quasi- Equivalence and Partial Isometry Operators in Hilbert Spaces.
(Chuka University, 2023) Anyembe L.; Musundi S.W.; Kinyanjui J. N.
Properties of almost similarity and unitary equivalence operators on different classes of operators have been established by various researchers in the recent past. On the other hand, unitary quasi- equivalence has been shown to preserve unitary, normality, hyponormality and binormality of operators. However, properties of unitary quasi-equivalence on partial isometric operators has not been fully established. This study therefore, determines properties of unitary quasi-equivalence on partial isometric operators.
Effectiveness of Prison Decongestion Programs in Selected Prisons in Kenya: An Empirical Analysis
(Chuka University, 2023) Mosoti D.; Mbuba J. M.; Kiboro C. N.
This paper analyses prison decongestion programs in Kenya and their effects on prison populations in the country. The analysis is based on primary data collected from a sample of 266 prison officers and 16 probation officers. The analysis shows that overall, prison decongestion programs contribute to a reduction of prison population. Based on the evidence generated, the paper recommends adoption of community-based sentences especially on petty crime offenders to reduce overcrowding in prisons.
Effects of Agricultural Nutrients Influx on Water Quality in Thiba River Basin, a Sub-Catchment of Tana River Basin in Kirinyaga County, Kenya.
(Chuka University, 2023) Njue J. M., Magana A. M. & Githae E. W.
Excessive enrichment of waters with nutrients and the associated adverse biological effects leads to eutrophication, which is one of the major environmental problems across the world. Various studies have revealed the overuse of inorganic fertilizers to increase agricultural productivity in Kenya, which contributes to pollution of water bodies. In order to meet increasing demand for clean water, sustainable use and conservation of available water resources is therefore paramount. This study was done to find out effects of agricultural nutrient pollution in Thiba River, a sub- catchment of Tana River Basin, located in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. The study area was divided into four distinct agro- ecological zones based on different anthropogenic activities. Ecological survey design was used in the study. Sampling was done during the wet and dry season. Water samples were analyzed for temperature, transparency, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia and toxic microalgae. All parameters showed both spatial and temporal variations with statistically significant differences. Temperature of the river ranged from 14.57 0C to 28.08 0C due to climatic changes along the agro-ecological zones. The pH ranged from 7.02 to 8.51. The DO values decreased from the highlands to lowland within the range of 9.00 mg/l at the reference site to 5.43 mg/l at the most polluted site. EC ranged from 20.54 µScm- 1 at the reference site during the wet season to 251.2 µScm-1 at the rice irrigation scheme site during the dry season. Water transparency ranged from 15cm to 81cm. This was low during the wet season and high during dry season. The highest values of BOD (3.49 mg/l) were recorded at the rice irrigation scheme during the wet season and the lowest (0.22 mg/l) at the forest edge reference site. The lowest levels of NH4, P, NO2 and NO3 were recorded at the forest edge reference site at 1.088 µg/l, 1.177 µg/l, 0.217 µg/l and 0.148 µg/l respectively during the dry season while the highest values for the same nutrients were recorded at the rice irrigation site at 11.439 µg/l, 4.933 µg/l, 1.518 µg/l and 2.721 µg/l in the same order. There was a high peak of all nutrient levels at the rice irrigation scheme zone which was attributed to the extensive use of inorganic fertilizers. Dam water samples were analyzed for members of Cyanobacteria group of microalgae which are bio-indicators of eutrophic waters. Out of the seven members of this group that were identified four were toxic genera. These were Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Anabaena and Microcystis. During the wet season Nostoc had the highest population followed by Oscillatoria and Anabaena. No Microcystis was observed during the wet season. There was a steady increase of all the genera during the dry season with Microcystis making appearance. Microcystis and Oscillatoria had a very high correlation. This study concludes that various anthropogenic activities especially agriculture along the study site are the main factors of Thiba River pollution hence a major threat to human, livestock and aquatic organisms. Environmental protection laws should be enforced by the government.
Influence of Concentrates Supplementation On Microbial Activity of Male Goats
(Chuka University, 2023) Maragara, E. N.; Musalia L. M.
Ruminants have a unique characteristic to utilize fibrous fodder material through anaerobic fermentation. The rumen of a ruminant animal is a complex, open and self-contained ecosystem where nutrients consumed by the microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa and fungi are digested anaerobically. The rumen located at the beginning of the gastro intestinal tract plays a major role because over 50% of the digestion takes place at the rumen. The feed consumed by ruminant animals is fermented by rumen microbes to volatile fatty acids and microbial biomass that serve as source of energy and protein for the host animal. Microbial activities in the rumen differ according to the type of roughages fed to the animals. Short- chain volatile fatty acids such as acetic, propionic, butyric acids, carbon dioxide, and methane and ammonia nitrogen are the products of fermentation in the rumen. Dry mature pastures provide unbalanced levels of nutrients and subsequently do not create the environment for efficient rumen metabolism and thus do not ensure an efficient utilization of absorbed nutrients. Feed intake and the nutrients absorbed from such diets are insufficient to meet the maintenance requirement of the animal and thus animals are bound to lose weight if they do not receive additional nitrogen and mineral supplements. Supplementation with crude protein, minerals, fermentable carbohydrates provide energy that enhances rumen microbial growth and improve voluntary feed intake despite being fed with low quality roughages. The addition of bypass protein such as sunflower seed cake results in a synergistic effect that could trigger considerable improvement on the average daily gain of ruminants and hence become more efficient in using available nutrients
The Modes of Agricultural Practices Embraced by The People of Abogeta Sub- County Before 1937.
(Chuka University, 2023) Kaburu L. G.; Kithinji C. M.; Nkonge D. K.
Agricultural activities are a very crucial part of a people's economic engagements. This study is about the history of the transition from subsistence to cash crop farming in Abogeta Sub-County in Meru County, Kenya, from 1937-1980. The people in Abogeta Sub-County's economic activities were farming and keeping livestock. Farming practices were mainly for subsistence. Crops that were grown included millet, sorghum, peas, arrowroots, yams, beans, and cowpeas. Later Changes occurred in the agricultural sector by 1937. This research aimed to examine the transition from subsistence to cash crop farming and its effects on food production in Abogeta Sub County of Meru from 1937 to 1980. The study investigated modes of agricultural practices embraced by Abogeta Sub-County people from 1937- 1980. The study employed a qualitative research design to describe the events as they occurred systematically. The target population was 179608 as per the 2019 census. A total of 30 respondents were randomly sampled and interviewed from Abogeta Sub County. Data collection instruments were interview schedules, focused group discussions, and observation. Study findings revealed that the people from Abogeta Sub County engaged in subsistence farming before 1937. The study established that the transition in agriculture occurred in Abogeta Sub- County due to the introduction of cash crops like coffee and tea. This study also noted that the transition positively and negatively impacted the people. Policymakers in the government may use the study investigations to find solutions to food insecurity in Abogeta Sub-County of Meru County.
Deep Learning in African Languages Translation-A Review
(Chuka University, 2023) Gitari T. M., Kinyori S., Mwathi G., Too E. C. and Ireri H. K.
Machine translation (MT) is the use of computers to automatically translate one language to another. Africa has approximately 2,000 spoken languages, however, only 30 African languages have been machine translated. The main technical factor for the low-rate adoption of MT in Africa is the poor translation accuracy of existing machine translators from one African language into English. Currently, there are two approaches to MT in Africa. The first approach is the classical approach; this approach utilizes the direct mapping of input texts to produce a translated output. Examples of classical MT approaches include: statistical-based machine translators (SBMT), rule-based machine translators (RBMT) and hybridized machine translators (HMT). Classical approaches are the most widely adopted MT approach for African languages, the main reason for the wide adoption is the low cost of computing power in utilizing classical approach. However, classical approach has high-levels of inaccuracy due to language structures differentiation. The second approach is the use of Deep learning (DL) MT. Deep learning MT is a field in artificial intelligence concerned with the application of artificial neural networks to mimic the human brain learning process in language translation. Deep learning MT has the advantage of understanding phrases, complex sentence structures, and even slang when compared to classical MT approach. Deep learning has produced results 60-90% more accurate than the classical approach in translating structured languages such as French into English. However, DL has shortcomings in MT, including, high-costs of training and evaluating models, and, DL is data intensive. These review aims to analyze the current status of machine translation approaches in Africa and provide an output recommendation for universalizing applicable MT in African languages translation. The results of these review will be in both graphical and tabular format.
Characterization of Antibiotic Producing Actinomyces from River Tana and Lake Elementaita.
(Chuka University, 2023) Shikuku B. O.; Kiruki S.; Kuria E.
The aquatic environment has many Actinomyces such as Streptomyces species, that produces anti-tumors, enzymes, antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals. Actinomyces species have produced antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, streptomycin, gentamycin, among others. The increased prevalence of bacterial infections has been a major challenge to the human population with devastating high morbidity and mortality rates. This situation has been worsened by increasing antibiotic resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria, reduced effectiveness of antibiotics in the market, and the emergence of new bacterial infections. This study aimed at isolation and molecular identification of antibacterial Actinomyces species. The experiments for this study was laid out in Complete Randomized Design and replicated three times to determine the difference between the inhibition zones (mm) of isolates against the tests organisms. A total of six antibiotic producing Actinomyces species were isolated from river Tana and lake Elementaita and identified through morphological and molecular characterizations. There was significant (p<0.05) difference on antibacterial activity of Actinomyces isolates against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. The findings of this study can help in developing new or alternative antibiotics that can be used for treatment of pathogenic and resistant bacteria.
The Utilization and Preservation Practices of Jute Mallow (Corchorus Olitorius) in Western Kenya.
(Chuka University, 2023) Muita J. N.; Kaindi D. W. M.
Jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius) is a nutritious African leafy vegetable that is grown and consumed by local communities in Kenya. However, despite its nutritional superiority, its utilization is limited primarily due to its seasonality. This study sought to document the utilization and preservation practices of jute mallow in Western Kenya. A cross-sectional study, that involved a household survey (n=139), of jute mallow producers in Kakamega County of Western Kenya was conducted. Half (50.4%) of the households sourced their vegetables from their farms, while 37.4% sourced them from roadside vendors during the dry season. Jute mallow was mainly (57.6%) consumed as an accompaniment with other vegetables including African Nightshade and Amaranth. Approximately half (52.51%) of the households, employed a method of preservation. There was a significant association (P=0.01) between age and preservation practices, where middle-aged people (35-50 years) had a higher likelihood of employing a preservation method. Women were also significantly (P=0.024) more likely to preserve vegetables than men. Sun drying was practiced by 15.8% of the study population,18.7% practiced fermentation, while 18% practiced both fermentation and sun-drying. The methods of sun-drying were well developed, where prior blanching, was incorporated by 33.3% of the participants. Sun-drying extended the shelf-life of jute mallow by 4.02 ± 3.151 months, while fermentation was 7 days. The leaves of both forms of preservation had relatively high acceptability ratios to the fresh forms at 40% and 48% for fermented and dried forms, respectively. There is a huge potential for low-cost preservation methods in ensuring the availability of jute mallow. However, it is necessary to investigate the viability of these methods on the nutritional quality and safety of jute mallow to improve food security.
Characterization of Β-Lactamases and Multidrug Resistance Mechanisms in Enterobacterales from Hospital Effluents and Wastewater Treatment Plant
(Chuka University, 2023) Christopher Mutuku, Szilvia Melegh, Krisztina Kovacs, Peter Urban, Eszter Virág, and Zoltan Gazdag
Antimicrobial resistance presents a global challenge to the fight against infections in modern time. It is projected that, close to 2.4 million people are likely to die globally by the year 2050 due to infections linked to antibiotic resistance. Antimicrobials indiscriminately discharged into wastewater promote the emergence of antibiotic resistance, facilitated by selective pressure and transfer of resistance genes. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance profiles of enteric bacteria from wastewater and to establish the prevalence of plasmid borne β-lactamases and other mechanisms conferring multiresistance. Enteric bacteria, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, and Citrobacter species (n = 126) from hospital effluents and proximate wastewater treatment plant in the city of Pecs, Hungary, were assayed for susceptibility to four antimicrobial classes. The β-lactamase encoding genes harbored in plasmids were genotyped and the plasmid DNA was subjected to the next generation sequencing. A multidrug resistance phenotype was found in 72% (n = 58) of E. coli isolates, 70% (n = 43) of Klebsiella species isolates, and 40% (n = 25) of Enterobacter and Citrobacter species. 86% (n = 50) of E. coli, 77% (n = 33) of Klebsiella species and 25% (n = 4) of Citrobacter species isolates phenotypically expressed extended spectrum β- lactamase (ESBL). ESBL genes, blaCTX-M-27 and blaTEM-1 were found in E. coli, while Klebsiella species harbored blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-30, or blaSHV-12. Genes coding for aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, adenylyltransferases (aadA1, aadA5), phosphotransferases (aph(6)-1d, aph(3")-Ib), acetyltransferases (aac(3)-IIa), (aac(6)-Ib), sulfonamide/trimethoprim resistant dihydropteroate synthase (sul), and dihydrofolate reductase (dfrA) were also identified. Mobile genetic elements namely; plasmids and integrons acquired via horizontal gene transfer are vehicles for multiresistance in enteric bacteria from wastewater. Monitoring wastewater from human sources for acquired resistance in clinically important bacteria may provide a cheaper alternative in regions facing challenges that limit clinical surveillance.
Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Testing Of Antibacterial Properties, Anti- Inflammatory Activity, and Cytotoxicity of Aqueous and Dichloromethane Leaf Extracts Of Solanum Incanum and Tamarindus Indica
(Chuka University, 2023) Ngurari S.W.; Kiruki S; Gichumbi J. M.
Most communities use medicinal plants to treat and prevent various diseases. The use of the plants demonstrates the need to study the efficacy of selected medicinal plants. There is limited information on the antibacterial, anti- inflammatory activity, and cytotoxicity of Solanum incanum and Tamarindus indica leaves extracted using polar and less polar solvents. This study focused on analyzing phytochemicals present in aqueous and dichloromethane leaf extracts of the two plants and testing their antibacterial, anti- inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties. The phytochemical analysis was done using standard chemical tests followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy of dichloromethane extracts. The antibacterial potency of the extracts was tested against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus using disc diffusion, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, and Minimum Bactericidal concentrations. The anti- inflammatory potency of the extracts was tested using an Erythrocyte stabilization assay, while the toxicity of the extract was tested using brine shrimp lethality tests. The chemical test revealed that all the plant extracts contained flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols, and alkaloids. The T. indica dichloromethane and S. incanum water extracts had no glycosides, while anthraquinones were absent in all the plant extracts. The chromatographic analysis demonstrated the presence of flavonoids, phenols, and alkaloids in the selected plant extracts. The antibacterial activity revealed no significant difference in antibacterial activities between the two plants at α= 0.05. E. coli and S. Typhi were the most sensitive, while S. aureus was the least sensitive to the extracts. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of T. indica ranged between 62.5 µg/mL and 125 µg/mL among the test organisms, while the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of S. incanum ranged between 62.5 µg/mL and 250 µg/mL. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of both plants ranged between 125 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL. The T. indica dichloromethane extracts had the highest stabilization, 57.64 ±13.90%, while S. incanum water extract had the lowest erythrocyte stabilization percentage, 19.06 ±14.43%. T. indica plant was more effective at 45.59 ±27.09% compared to S. incunum, 37.12 ±15.70%. The dichloromethane extracts of the two plants were more effective, 56.41 ±19.71% than water extracts at 26.30 ±12.53%. T. indica dichloromethane extract has the highest toxicity (LD50 of 113.57 µg/mL) while S. incanum was least toxic (LD50 of 2341 µg/mL). The assays demonstrated that the two plants are effective in treating bacterial infections and managing inflammation. In addition, the two plants were toxic at higher doses.
Rationale Behind Roman Catholic Church’s Toleration of Miraa Production and Consumption in Igembe Deanery, Meru Diocese, Kenya.
(Chuka University, 2023) Iruki M. M.; Nkonge D. K.; Orina H.
Drugs are a global phenomenon that has spread to all corners of the globe. The; Roman Catholic Church has been a leading voice in opposing the use of pharmaceuticals outside of medical necessity in every society it has encountered. Roman Catholic Church has taken a hard-line approach against any form of drugs legalization, including recreational drugs. On the contrary Igembe Deanery, Meru Diocese of the Roman Catholic Church, a contentious drug that many consider a drug, Khat (Miraa) production is tolerated. This; study is on the rationale behind Roman Catholic Church’s toleration in Khat production and consumption, which is extensively grown in Igembe Deanery, Meru Diocese. Due; to Roman Catholic Church rules that prohibit the use of all narcotics except for therapeutic purposes and the variety of contradicting incidents seen by Khat farmers and merchants who are also members of the churches in the study area, this study was inspired. The study employed a descriptive research design. Data; was obtained from questionnaires, oral interviews, focus group discussion, participant observation and primary and secondary sources to ensure the validity and reliability of the study. The; discussion starts with the various reasons for the Roman Catholic Church’s toleration of Miraa. Structural-functionalism was used to establish the rationale behind the Roman Catholic Church’s toleration in Miraa production and consumption of the study area. The findings of the study were that the economic, social, cultural, religious, and educational benefits of Miraa in Igembe Deanery are all the reasons for the Roman Catholic Church’s in Igembe Deanery to tolerate Miraa farming, trade and consumption in the study area. This study has contributed to the church, particularly the African church, and to academicians studying religion and culture in higher education.
Isolation And Characterization of Actinomycetes from Land Use Systems in Meru South Sub-County, Kenya and Screening Their Antibacterial Activities
(Chuka University, 2023) Gitari J. M., Muraya M.M., Onyango B. O. and Maingi J. M.
To combat the growth of multidrug resistance to existing antibiotics, the quest for novel bioactive compounds from Actinomycetes in virgin environments has become increasingly crucial. In this study, Actinomycetes were isolated, characterized, and tested for antibacterial activity from the land use system in the Meru South sub-county, Eastern Kenya. Using morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques, Actinomycetes were described after being cultivated on Starch Casein Agar, Luria Bertani (M1), and International Streptomyces Project Medium (ISP-1 and ISP-4). The isolates were tested for their ability to combat the following six pathogenic bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Listeria monocytogenes (NCTC 11994), Streptococcus mitis (NCTC 12261), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Vibrio furnissii (NCTC 11218), and Rauotella planticola (NCTC 19528). Further identification of potential isolates was done based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis was done using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA X), and a phylogenetic tree constructed using the Neighbor-Joining methodThe results for morphological characters showed that isolates’ morphology colours ranged from grey to purple to pink to brown to yellow to red to cream- white. The biochemical examination revealed that the majority of them were gram-positive, capable of hydrolyzing starch, urea,casein, and lipase. Few isolates were positive for the cellulose and catalase test. The antibiotic activity of the Actinomycetes isolates against Listeria monocytogenes varied significantly (p=0.05) among them. In comparison to standard streptomycin (16.3mm), isolate L6 (16.23mm) demonstrated the strongest antagonistic activity against L. monocytogenes, followed by isolates C50 (15.5mm) and C52 (12.25mm) against Raoultella planticola. In the phylogenetic tree created using the combined sequences and neighbour joining, isolate P4 was shown to be associated with Streptomyces celluloflavus, isolate C45 with Streptomyces griseobrunneus, isolates Pxiv and C8 with Streptomyces pratensis, isolate P1b with Streptomyces crystallinus, and isolates C10b, C10a, and C3 (Streptomyces eurocidicus). This study shows soil Actinomycetes obtained from land use system in Meru South sub- County has antibacterial activity and may be useful in biomedical applications.
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates On the Establishment and Yield of New Sugarcane Cultivars in Kibos, Kisumu County
(Chuka University, 2023) Omoto G.,; Jamoza J.; Otieno V.
Sugar industry plays an important role in economic development of Kenya. Nitrogen is the primary nutrient limiting sugarcane production throughout the world. A study was conducted in Kibos during the year 2015-2018 on the effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates on the yield of new sugarcane. The aim was to determine the optimal nitrogen rates for the new sugarcane cultivars and to analysis the cost benefits of N fertilizer rates on new sugarcane yields. The treatments consisted of 11 cultivars KEN 98-367, KEN 98-530, KEN 98-533, KEN 98-551, KEN 00-13, KEN 00-3548, KEN 00-3811, EAK 73-335, KEN 82-121, KEN 82-601, KEN 82-493 and 3 levels of N fertilizer rates; 0kg Nha-1, 80kg Nha-1 and 160 kg Nha-1 as top-dress at five months after planting. The experiment was laid out as 11 x 3 factorial in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) having three replications with a gross plot size of 5 rows 6m long and spaced at 1.2 m apart. Clean seedcane aged 10 months was used. The trial was harvested at 17 months for plant crop (PC) and 16 months for ratoon1 (R1). Data was analyzed by ANOVA. The results showed that significant differences were noticed in girth, stalk heights, R1sugarcane yields and nitrogen rates of R1. Stalk population, pol% juice and nitrogen rates of PC did no differ. KEN00-3811 out yielded all the other cultivars and EAK 73-335 was the worst performer. Therefore, there is a need for further evaluation on Kibos soil before appropriate nitrogen fertilizer rate is recommended. And the cultivar recommendation should be site specific.
9th International Research Conference Theme: “Exploring new frontiers in education, research and innovations for economic recovery” Proceedings
(Chuka University, 2023) Isutsa, D. K. (Ed.)
Prevalence And Characterization of Avocado Fruit Fungal Diseases in Embu County, Kenya, And the Efficacy of Aloe Secundiflora Crude Extracts in Their Control
(Chuka University, 2023) Mwongeli M.F.; Githae E.W; Mwangi J.M
Avocado production faces various constraints that include common post-harvest fungal diseases. Most of these diseases are difficult to control using cultural measures while use of chemicals leads to pathogen reistance in addition to being harmful to human and environment. The objective of this study was therefore to determine the prevalence of the fungal avocado fruit diseases in Embu County, isolate and characterize the causal pathogens and test the efficacy of Aloe secundiflora extract in the diseases. Questionnaires were administered to a total of 120 respodents to gather additional information on avocado production, marketing and management. The stores and avocado bags were randomly identified and the fruits assessed for the prevalence of fungal avocado diseases. Aloe leaves were collected in the field and phytochemical analysis done using standard procedures. The efficacy of Aloe secundiflora extract against the avocado fungal diseases was done in the laboratory using a Completely Randomized Design. The extracts were then assessed for antimicrobial activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (scab disease), Sphaceloma perseae (anthracnose) and Cercospora purpurea (Cercospora spot). In the results, chemicals were widely used to control the pathogens. The mean percentage prevalence of scab, cercospora spot and anthracnose diseases was 36.4%, 35.15% and 35.0%, respectively, among the markets, although anthracnose was highly prevalent within each market. Four avocado varieties were commonly sold with Fuerte and Puebla being the most susceptible to the fungal diseases. There were significant variations in the morphological characteristics of the pathogen isolates. The aloe extract revealed the presence of steroids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and phenolics. The extract prepared using ethanol had a high inhibitory activity against C. gloeosporioides (15.59mm) and Cercospora purpurea (7.22mm), while hexane solvent extract had minimal antimicrobial activity (10.53 and 5.22mm respectively). Aloe crude extract is therefore a potential antifungal agent against C. gloeosporioides and Cercospora purpurea.
Effect of Cooking Temperature and Cleaning Methods on Levels of Mancozeb and Ethylenethiourea in Tomato.
(Chuka University, 2023) Karanja E. K., Murungi J. I. & Nyambaka H.
Pests and diseases in vegetables are controlled using pesticides which include fungicides in the class of dithiocarbamates (DTCs) such as mancozeb which are injurious to the environment, animals and human at high concentrations. Cooking degrades DTCs to metabolites such as ethylenthiourea (ETU) known to be carcinogenic, while proper cleaning removes the residue considerably. This study determined the effect of temperatures achieved by cooking and cleaning methods on the residue levels of mancozeb and the metabolite ETU on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) sprayed with mancozeb. Samples were subjected to different temperature and cleaning treatments before extraction and method validation together with analysis by HPLC. The method of analysis had The R2 values (0.948- 0.999) and recoveries ranging from 91.26-95.89 %.The ETU residues rose from a mean of 9.43±0.03 mg/kg at 25℃ to a mean of 12.43±0.38mg/kg at 90℃, while mancozeb levels decreased from 5.23±0.02 mg/kg at 25℃ to non detectable levels at 60℃. The levels of ETU reduced from 46±0.71m/kg to 0.05± 0.00 mg/kg (99.9±0.00 %) when cleaned with sodium hypochlorite while, water alone reduced ETU to 0.27±0.08 mg/kg (99.4±0. 00%).Mancozeb levels in tomato cleaned with sodium hypochlorite, reduced by 95.2±0.00% while cleaning with water alone removed 16.3±0.64%. Cleaning with sodium hypochlorite showed a highly significant removal of fungicides compared to cleaning with water only. The results from this study indicates exposure of mancozeb and ETU in fresh and cooked tomato, hence a need for cleaning with chlorine and rinsing with water before consumption and a need for more alternatives of chemical cleaning.
Midwives’ Knowledge and Practice of Midwifery-Led Care Model in Embu County.
(Chuka University, 2023) Kirigia C., Gitonga L. & Mukhwana S.
Globally, there is great threat to midwifery practice that compromises maternal and neonatal health outcomes. This is due to limited autonomy of midwives in various health institutions. This threat is not different in Embu county and Kenya at large despite the rich evidence that midwife-led care is the most crucial factor in attaining improved maternal and neonatal health outcomes. There is no reliable literature on knowledge and practice of midwifery led care model in Embu county. This poses the need to evaluate knowledge and practice of midwifery- led care model among midwives in Embu county. Therefore, the study objective was to determine the midwives’ knowledge and practice of midwifery-led care model in Embu county. The study sites were Siakago and Runyenjes level four hospitals. A survey study design was adopted. Target population comprised midwives offering maternal and child health care services in the two hospitals. A sample size of 60 midwives was used in the study with response rate of 92.0 %. Questionnaires, interviews, observation checklists and secondary sources were used to collect data. Pretesting was done at Ishiara level four hospital. Quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software for windows version 28.0. Descriptive statistics to include frequencies and percentages were used in data analysis. Chi-square test and regression analysis, were used to draw inferences. Qualitative data were analysed by content analysis through grouping data into themes according to the study objectives. Results were presented in form of narratives and tables. Permission to undertake the study was obtained from Chuka University Ethics and Research Committee. A research permit was obtained from the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI). Relevant authorities in Embu county health department, Siakago, Runyenjes and Ishiara level four hospitals were informed for study authorisation. All the relevant ethical considerations were adhered to during the study. The study revealed that a high percentage 76.4% of midwives had poor knowledge on midwifery led care model. There was a very high percentage 90.6% of midwives who had not heard about midwifery led care model before. Majority of the midwives 93.8% were not aware of benefits of reflexology, dimming of lights and music refreshments during labour. Among the midwives, 81.9 % demonstrated poor practice of midwifery-led care model. Care given to low risk mothers 87.3% was a shared responsibility by midwives, doctors and other health professionals. There were no midwifery led care units where midwives are solely in charge of maternal and neonatal care 85.4%. Variety of mechanical pain relief options such as labour in water, visualization and other hypnobirthing 100% were not practiced. The null hypothesis was rejected; therefore, there was statistically significant relationship at 0.05 level of significance with 1 degree of freedom between midwives’ knowledge and practice of midwifery-led care model. Using pearson and spearman’s rho correlations, the relationship between knowledge and practice was statistically significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). After running a linear regression model, midwives’ knowledge level was found to affect their midwifery practice (95% CI 0.846 – 1.011), P=000. The study concluded that there were gaps in knowledge and practice of midwife- led care model in Embu county. The study recommended an intervention for educating midwives about midwifery led care model and subsequent introduction of the model in this county aiming to strengthen midwifery for improved maternal and neonatal health outcomes in Embu County.
Massive Protocluster of a Periodic Maser Source G188.95+0.89
(Chuka University, 2023) M. M. Mutie, J. O. Chibueze, K. El Bouchefry, G. C. MacLeod, J. Morgan and P. Baki
We report the results of ongoing monitoring of the 6.7 GHz CH 3; - OH masers associated with G188.95+0.89. In these observations, five features are periodically varying and at least two exhibit evidence of velocity drifts. It is not clear the cause of these velocity drifts. The spectra have varied significantly since detection in 1991. The 11.45 km s−1 feature has decreased exponentially from 2003. Complementary ALMA 1.3-mm continuum and line observational results are also presented. Eight continuum cores (MM1–MM8) were detected in G188.95+0.89. We derived the masses of the detected cores. G188.95+0.89 MM2 was resolved into two continuum cores (separated by 0.1 arcsec) in ALMA band 7 observations. Also, CH3OH (4 (2, 2) -3 (1, 2)) thermal emission associated with MM2 is double peaked. We propose the presence of multiple (at least binary) young stellar objects in MM2. SiO emission exhibits a bow- shock morphology in MM2 while strong emission of 12CO at the east and west of MM2 suggests the presence of an east–west bipolar outflow.

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