Influence of Socio-economic Factors on Prevalence of Ochratoxin A in Dry Coffee Cherry in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya

Abstract

Coffee is a vital cash crop worldwide, contributing significantly to foreign exchange earnings and offering potential health benefits. However, concerns over contamination with mycotoxins, particularly Ochratoxin A (OTA), have grown due to its serious health risks. This study investigated the influence of socioeconomic factors on the prevalence of OTA in dry Coffee Cherry from Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. A cluster random sampling method was used to collect the dry coffee cherry samples and survey data from 143 farmers across three agroecological zones, employing a semi-structured questionnaire. Pathogens were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media and OTA production assessed according to the International Commission on Microbiological Safety for Foods. Data was analysed using the SPSS version 28 and SAS version 9.4. The study found out that socio-economic factors significantly (p < 0.05) influenced coffee farming practices and prevalence of OTA. Ochratoxin A prevalence was strongly associated with agro-ecological zones, farm size, and altitude. Larger farms and lower altitudes were linked to higher OTA risks. Gender, farm size and coffee variety also influenced OTA contamination levels. The study revealed that 88.3% of coffee farmers recognized mold in dry coffee cherries, yet 22.8% consuming moldy cherries, with 64.1% unaware of the health risks. Additionally, 87.6% of farmers identified poor drying and storage practices as key contributors to OTA contamination. Key indicators of contamination included discoloration, moldy smell, and moldiness with wetness. Roasting practices varied, with 35.1% roasting dried cherries after fermentation. The study highlights significant socioeconomic factors influencing OTA contamination in coffee. To mitigate risks, it is recommended to improve farmers' awareness of mold-related health risks and implement targeted interventions in high-risk areas to reduce OTA prevalence.