Browsing by Author "Musalia L. M."

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Carcass fatty acid composition and sensory properties of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed on oilseed meals with crude papain enzyme
(2022-09) Kirimi J. G.; Musalia L. M.; Munguti J. M.; Magana A.
In this study, proximate body composition, fillets fatty acid and sensory properties of Nile tilapia fed on oilseed meals with crude papain enzyme were determined. A control diet (D1) of 300g/kg crude protein (CP) and (2900Kcal/kg) was formulated using fishmeal (Rastrionaebola argentea) (FM) and test diets by replacing 10% CP of FM by soybean meal (SBM) (D2), canola meal (CM) (D3) and sunflower meal (SFM) (D4). One hundred and one days feeding trial was conducted in a 4x2 factorial design on 4 diets (D1, D2, D3 and D4) with (0.06%) and (0%) enzyme using 720 Nile tilapia fingerlings (7±3g). Fish were fed twice daily at 5% of their biomass at 10am and 4pm in two equal meals. At the end of feeding trial, fish were starved for 24 hrs and weighed. A sample of ten fish representing the average weight of each replicated group was used. The fillets fatty acid profiles were determined by MPA FT-NIR spectrometer. Organoleptic tests of both fresh and steamed fish were carried out by eight semi trained panellists using 5-point hedonic scale. There was increase (p<0.05) in carcass proximate composition in all the treatments. Fillets fatty acid levels were influenced by the crude papain enzyme (p<0.05). Palmitic acid (C16:0), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) and oleic acid (C18:1n-9) were the most abundant fatty acids in the fillets. Fish fed on fishmeal based diet recorded higher percentage (22.56) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). There was significant difference among the treatments (p<0.05) for general appearance. Fish fed on crude papain enzyme treated diets were less preferred. It is recommended that more research be done on the effect of papain enzyme on the carcass fatty acid and sensory properties of farmed fish.
Influence of Concentrates Supplementation On Microbial Activity of Male Goats
(Chuka University, 2023) Maragara, E. N.; Musalia L. M.
Ruminants have a unique characteristic to utilize fibrous fodder material through anaerobic fermentation. The rumen of a ruminant animal is a complex, open and self-contained ecosystem where nutrients consumed by the microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa and fungi are digested anaerobically. The rumen located at the beginning of the gastro intestinal tract plays a major role because over 50% of the digestion takes place at the rumen. The feed consumed by ruminant animals is fermented by rumen microbes to volatile fatty acids and microbial biomass that serve as source of energy and protein for the host animal. Microbial activities in the rumen differ according to the type of roughages fed to the animals. Short- chain volatile fatty acids such as acetic, propionic, butyric acids, carbon dioxide, and methane and ammonia nitrogen are the products of fermentation in the rumen. Dry mature pastures provide unbalanced levels of nutrients and subsequently do not create the environment for efficient rumen metabolism and thus do not ensure an efficient utilization of absorbed nutrients. Feed intake and the nutrients absorbed from such diets are insufficient to meet the maintenance requirement of the animal and thus animals are bound to lose weight if they do not receive additional nitrogen and mineral supplements. Supplementation with crude protein, minerals, fermentable carbohydrates provide energy that enhances rumen microbial growth and improve voluntary feed intake despite being fed with low quality roughages. The addition of bypass protein such as sunflower seed cake results in a synergistic effect that could trigger considerable improvement on the average daily gain of ruminants and hence become more efficient in using available nutrients