Nursing

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Browsing Nursing by Author "Mambo, S."

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    Determinants of Microbial Contamination of Cooked Foods Hawked in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study
    (PanAfriacn Medical Journal, 2022) Muendo, C. M.; Mambo, S.; Kikuvi, G.
    Introduction: hawking of cooked foods is an important socio-economic activity. However, hawked cooked foods are prone to contamination, especially by pathogenic microorganisms. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study of 151 cooked food hawkers and 151 cooked food samples, one sample each from every respondent. Data was collected through questionnaires, observation checklists, laboratory processes, and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, while qualitative data were analyzed using the thematic network analysis technique. Results: adjusted multinomial logistic regression revealed increased odds of microbial contamination in cooked foods hawked by persons with primary-level education (adjusted odds ratio) AOR = 9.278, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.292, 37.548; p = 0.003), persons earning a profit of Ksh. ≤500.00 (AOR = 4.046, 95% CI 1.825, 8.969; p = 0.001), and in areas infested with rodents (AOR = 6.386, 95% CI 1.877, 21.724; p = 0.003). However, cooked foods hawked by males (AOR = 0.338, 95% CI 0.133, 0.856; p = 0.022), persons trained on food safety (AOR = 0.216, 95% CI 0.064, 0.733; p = 0.014), persons wearing outer garments (AOR = 0.399, 95% CI 0.196, 0.812; p = 0.011), and by persons who stored their garbage in a municipal receptacle or a standard dust bin (AOR = 0.13, 95% CI 0.041, 0.410; p = 0.000) recorded reduced risk of contamination. Conclusion: hawker´s characteristics, food handling practices, and the condition of the hawking station are important determinants of microbial contamination of cooked foods hawked in Tharaka Nithi County. Targeted interventions need to be developed and implemented to prevent related foodborne diseases.
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    Food Safety Practices of Cooked Food Hawkers in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya
    (African Journal of Food Science, 2022) Muendo, C. M.; Mambo, S.; Kikuvi, G.
    Hawking of cooked foods is an important economic activity, especially for low-income earners. However, the trade raises public health concerns particularly due to the likely breaches of food safety standards. Thus, this study investigated the food safety practices of hawkers of cooked foods in Tharaka Nithi County. A cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from 151 respondents using a questionnaire. The other data collection tools included a key informant interview guide and an observation checklist. The mean age of hawkers was 40.25 ± 9.226 years, with 71.5% of them aged between 35 and 59 years. The majority of hawkers were females (77.5%), married (51.7%), had attained secondary level education (55.6%), and earned a daily profit of between Ksh. 501 and 1,000. The hawkers were largely (91.1%) not trained on food safety, did not have a food hygiene license (92.7%), did not wear outer garments (58.9%), and did not have a medical certificate (89.5%). Almost half (54.2%) of the hawkers prepared their foods at home and transported them to hawking sites using public means (52.6%). The majority (86.8%) of hawking sites were makeshift stations and 40.4% of them had reportedly been infested with rodents. Generally, the hawkers did not comply with most of the food safety standards. County government of Tharaka Nithi should therefore design and implement interventions to promote the safety of cooked foods hawked in the county.