Education

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Influence of Teacher Time Management Practices on Service Delivery in Public Seconary Schools in Kitui County
(International Jounal of Education and Research, 2021) Marika, E. K.; Jagero, P. N. O.; Kanga, D. B. M.; Gitari, D. E. M.
Teacher Service Delivery entails the duties carried out by a teacher in a learning institution. Teacher’s duties include attending lessons, preparing lesson plans and evaluating students. Other teachers’ duties include maintaining students’ discipline, nurturing students’ talents and also attending to teacher, parent and students meetings. In Kenya, Teachers Service Commission (TSC) introduced Teacher Performance Appraisal and Development (TPAD) as a performance management tool to enhance teacher service delivery in secondary schools. One of the competences to be measured by TPAD was on teacher time management practices. With the introduction of performance appraisal, TSC hoped teachers will improve on timely preparedness on teaching contents, attending lessons and other school activities timely. Despite the emphasize accordedaspect of time management in the teacher performance appraisal there are still cases of teachers missing class lessons, syllabus not covered as expected and lateness when attending to school functions and activities in Kitui County. This has raised concerns among education stakeholders whether the aspect of time management in secondary schools has influence on teacher service delivery. The objective of the study was to establish the influenceof teacher time management practiceson service delivery in public secondary schools in Kitui county. The study used descriptive survey and correlation research designs. The target population for study was 3169 subjects comprising 428 secondary school principals and 2738 teachers. The sample size was 337 respondents. Simple random sampling was used to select 47 principals and 298 teachers. Questionnaireswere used for data collection.The study found there is a significant influence in proper time management practices and service delivery. Teachers need to go to school early enough, attend lesson, meetings and all scheduled school activities in good times to enable them achieve the set objectives.
Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse among Chuka University Students, Kenya
(International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 2022) Kanga, B. M.
There is a drastic increase in alcohol and drug abuse, especially among the youth in many parts of the World.it has been reported that University students are the most affected by the challenge of alcohol and drug abuse the world over. According to National Campaign against Drug Abuse (NACADA), 84% of youth between 16 to 24 years in Kenya are involved in alcohol and drug abuse. University students fall under this age bracket. To mitigate this all universities in Kenya are required to have Alcohol and Drugs Abuse prevention committees and policies. This study aimed at finding out the effects of Alcohol and Drug Abuse among students at Chuka University. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population was 15,290 Chuka University students. A simple random sampling technique was employed to choose 384 respondents. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 for windows was used to analyze data. Data was presented in frequency distribution tables, bar charts, and pie charts.
Secure Cloud Based Approach for Mobile Devices User Data
(Open Access Library Inc., 2022) Mbae, O.; Mwathi, D.; Too, E.
In this era characterized by rapid technological innovations, mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones have become inevitable due to the variety of services they offer. These devices are susceptible to loss due to their small portable sizes. The personal identification numbers (PIN) and patterns used as security controls have minimal encryption. One of the main challenges of using mobile devices is the risk of private and/or confidential data stored in the device’s internal memory being exposed to unauthorized persons and the risk of permanent loss and/or damage of that data. The objective of the study is to analyze existing security solutions for mobile devices user data storage and propose a secure approach to address possible security threats and vul- nerabilities to these solutions. The solution provides mobile device users with the ability to securely store/retrieve their data anytime and from anywhere even in the event of device loss. Furthermore, mobile device manufacturers are able to leverage on the solution and patch their systems in order to im- prove on mobile device data storage security. The research highlights existing threats and vulnerabilities to existing mobile data storage devices. This helps in creating awareness to mobile device users who as a result are expected to be more vigilant and can also utilize proposed precautionary measures.
Forensic-linguistic Analysis of Grammatical Modality Features in Kenya Supreme Court judgements
(PAC University Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 2022) Ndumia, E. C.; Ireri, H. K.
Relationship Between Improvised Instructional Resources and Teaching of Literacy Skills Among Early Childhood Development and Education Learners in Public Institutions
(International Journal of Elementary Education, 2023-03-31) Wacuka Mary Wambui, Kangara Hannah Wanjiku, Ogembo John Otieno
Resources play an important role in the instructional process especially among young learners with the need to develop manipulative skills. In emerging economies such as Kenya where lack of adequate financial resources especially among public institutions limit provision of sufficient resources, teachers have been advised to improvise in order to compliment for the inadequacies. Limited empirical literature on the extent as well as the relationship between use of improvised instructional resources limits a discourse on efficacy of use of such resources especially in the instruction of literacy. The purpose of this study was therefore to establish the relationship between improvised instructional resources and teaching of Early Childhood Development and Education (ECDE) literacy skills. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. A census survey was conducted to collect data from 130 ECDE teachers using questionnaires and classroom observation. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze quantitative data with the aid of SPSS version 25.0 while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Findings indicated that most learners were aided to interact freely with improvised instructional resources (IIR), the most accessible IIR being visual aids such as charts and flash cards. Regression results (t=10.511, p<0.001) indicated a significant positive relationship between IIR and teaching of literacy skills. The study therefore recommends that ECDE teachers utilize a variety of IIR during teaching and learning of literacy skills to provide multi-sensory learning experiences to the young leaners.
Relationship Between Teachers’ Motivation Teaching HIV/ADS Education And Students’ Knowledge And Attitude Towards Sexual Behaviour In Secondary Schools In Coast Region, Kenya
(Journal of Education and practice, 2016) Thuo,Daniel Njane , Nyaga, Veronica K, Bururia, David N, Barchok, Hilary K.
Education plays an important role in curbing the spread of HIV and AIDS among the youth. However, there is little known how teachers’ motivation in teaching HIV/AIDS education affects students’ knowledge and attitudes towards sexual behaviour. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between teachers’ level of motivation in teaching HIV/AIDS education and students’ knowledge and attitude towards sexual behaviour in secondary schools in the Coast Region of Kenya. The study used descriptive survey research design. Proportional, purposive and random sampling methods were used to choose the participants. The samples comprised 421 respondents of which 33 were teachers and 388 students in 13 secondary schools. Questionnaires, document analysis and interview schedule were used to collect the data. Reliability coefficients of the instruments were 0.8 for both teachers and students. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis. The descriptive statistics that were used were frequencies and percentage. Chi-squire statistics was used to test the hypothesis in the study. The hypothesis testing was done at α = 0.05 level of significance. The data collected in this study was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer programme version 20.0. The findings showed that there is a relationship between teachers’ level of motivation in teaching of HIV/AIDS education and students’ knowledge and attitudes towards sexual behaviour. It further revealed that majority of Form 4 students had negative attitude towards sexual behaviour. The study recommends that the Teachers Service Commission and other stakeholders should motivate teachers who teach HIV/AIDS education in secondary schools.
Effectiveness of Integrating Science Process-Skills in Teaching Mathematics on Students’ Achievement in Secondary Schools in Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya
(International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 2017) Kirimi,D.O.; Wanja,Mercy, Barchok, Hillary and Jagero,Nelson
Relationship between Teacher Training Practices and Transition to Secondary School for Public Primary School Learners with Disabilities in Meru County, Kenya
(Management Academic Research Society, 2018-02-22) M’mbijiwe,Joshua Mburugu,Jagero,Nelson,Mburugu, Beatrice M ,Barchok,Hillary K.
Access to quality education and transition from primary to secondary school has been low for learnerswith disabilities compared to non-disabled learners over the years in Kenya. The Kenya Government has established several strategic initiatives and mobilized required resources to addressthischallenge.Amongthekeystrategiesisintroductionofspecialneedseducationpolicy in the year 2009 in which enhancement of special needs education teacher training is a major ingredient. Despite the Government interventions, transition of learners with disabilities has remained below 30% nationally and below 16% in Meru County over ten years compared to transition for non-disabled learners that has been on a continuous increase to above 92%. This studysoughttodeterminetherelationshipbetweenpracticesofspecialneedseducation teachers training and transition of learners with disabilities. The research employed correlation research design and a sample of 350 respondents to represent a study population of 3720 subjects. Data obtained in the study was analyzed using inferential statistics such as analysis of variance and linear regression with the aid of a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version21.Findingsofthestudyrevealedthatpracticeofteachertraininghassignificantimpact ontransitionofpublicprimaryschoollearnerswithdisabilitiestosecondaryschool.Accordingto thefindings,every10%improvementinspecialneedseducationteachertrainingpracticewould raisetransitiontosecondaryschoolforlearnerswithdisabilitiesby5.14%.Basedonthefindings, the study recommends that the Ministry of education should establish and facilitate a programme for regular in-service training of special needs education teachers to keep them abreast with the most effective and modern approaches to teach learners with disabilities. The KenyaInstituteofCurriculumDevelopmentshouldestablishacurriculumthatisadaptabletothe disabled learners which will enable teachers to effectively plan teaching-learning activities and address learning needs of every disabled learner.
Upambanuzi wa Miundo ya Toponemia katika Jamii: Mfano kutoka Jimbo Dogo la Maara nchini Kenya
(East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya, 2022-10-02) Mutegi, David Micheni; Mugambi, Allan; M‟Ngaruthi, Timothy Kinoti
Makala hii imewasilisha uchunguzi uliofanywa kuhusu michakato na mbinu zilizotumika katika uundaji wa toponemia katika jamii. Lengo mahsusi la utafiti huu lilikuwa kupambanua miundo ya toponemia katika eneo la Mwimbi na Muthambi jimboni dogo la Maara. Maeneo haya yaliteuliwa kwa vile yalihusiana kilugha na kiutamaduni hasa katika suala la onomastiki. Nadharia ya Ujinaishaji ndiyo ilitumiwa kuongoza utafiti huu. Data ya utafiti huu ilikusanywa kwa kupitia kwa ya mahojiano ya ana kwa ana pamoja na hojaji. Mahojiano yalimwezesha mtafiti kupata data ya kutosha na halisi moja kwa moja kutoka kwa wahojiwa. Hojaji ilimwezesha mtafiti kukusanya data kwa urahisi katika maeneo mengi na kutoka kwa sampuli kubwa. Walengwa katika utafiti huu walikuwa wakaazi wa Mwimbi na Muthambi. Usampulishaji ulifanywa kimaksudi kwa kuhusisha machifu 5 wa kata 5 za Mwimbi na Muthambi na manaibu wa chifu 25 kutoka kata ndogo 25 za eneo hili. Watawala hao walichaguliwa kwa sababu wao ni wenyeji wa eneo hili walio na habari kuhusu maeneo yao ya utawala, na hivyo wangetoa habari kamilifu kuhusu maswali ya utafiti. Sampuli nyingine ya Wazee 20 wenye umri wa miaka sabini na zaidi walichaguliwa kimakusudi kwa kutumia mbinu ya kimtandao ili kutoa habari kuhusu michakato ya uundaji wa toponemia za shule za msingi katika eneo la Mwimbi na Muthambi. Sampuli ya wazee iliweza kupatikana kwa urahisi kwa sababu ndio wanaopata pesa za wazee na walijulikana katika vijiji vyao. Uchambuzi na uwasilishaji wa data ya utafiti huu ulitumia mkabala wa kimaelezo kulingana na madhumuni na swali la utafiti. Matokeo ya utafiti huu ni marejeleo muhimu kwa watafiti wengine watakaoshughulikia vipengele vya onomastiki katika lahaja ya Kimwimbi na Muthambi. Aidha, utafiti huu ulibainisha michakato mbalimbali ya uundaji wa toponemia katika jamii.
Influence of principals’ provision of welfare services on tutors’ levels of job commitment in primary teachers training colleges, eastern region Kenya
(Journal of Pedagogy, Andragogy and Heutagogy in Academic Practice (JPAHAP), 2021) Mbaka, Kenkelvin Kimathi; Kalai, Jeremiah M.; Mutegi, Reuben G.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of principals’ provision of welfare services on tutors’ levels of job commitment in primary teachers training colleges in Eastern Region Kenya. The study was guided by the following objective: To determine the influence of principals’ provision of welfare services on tutors’ levels of job commitment in primary teachers training colleges in Eastern Region, Kenya. The Existence Relatedness and Growth Theory of Motivation guided the study. Descriptive survey design was used. For this study, the target population entailed five (5) Teacher Training College principals, 260 tutors and 1860 second year students of the five (5) public teachers training colleges in Eastern Region, Kenya. To sample the respondents, the researcher purposively sampled the 5 college principals, 130 tutors (50%) and 186 second year students (10%). Simple random sampling was therefore used to select the tutors and students using replacement method. Instruments used were questionnaires for tutors and teacher trainees and interview guides for principals. Data was analyzed using descriptive (frequencies, means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (p- values from ordinal logistic regression, correlation analysis and independent sample t-test). The results were graphically visualized through frequency distribution tables, bar graphs, pie charts, and tables Regression results showed that increasing provision of incentives by principals by 1% would promote job commitment levels of tutors by approximately 122%. There was a positive and significant relationship between provision of welfare services by principals and the job commitment levels among tutors (r=0.3518436, p=4.336e-05). The results implied that as provision of welfare services by the principals’ increased, the tutors’ level of job commitment increased as well. Therefore, it was recommended through ministry of education, to have well placed sound policy to promote principals’ training hence enhancing academic performance in Primary Teachers Education Examination as a result of tutors’ job commitment.
Effects of the Strategic Values on the Performance of Technical Training Institutions in Meru County, Kenya
(Chuka university, 2018) Muthaa,George Mungiria
Organizational performance is important in justifying its existence and re- sourcesallocation.Toenhanceperformance,strategicvaluesareusefulman- agement tools to achieving competitive advantage. For Technical Training Institutions to achieve their core mandate in human resource training, the Government has emphasized on their development and implementation of strategic plans. Technical Training institutions have been operating with strategicplansforatleastthelasttenyears;howevernosystematicstudyhas been carried out to investigate the influence of their strategic values on the performance of the institutions. The current study sought to investigate the effects of the strategic values on performance in respect to enrolment, re- sources,qualityandefficiency.Thestudyusedthecrosssectionaldescriptive survey research design. The study was conducted with the top, middle and lowerlevelmanagementinthethreeTechnicaltraininginstitutionsofMeru County. Questionnaires were used for data collection. Instruments were testedforreliabilitybyuseoftheCronbach’salphaandacorrelationcoeffi- cientof0.75wasobtained.Datawasanalyzedbyuseofbothdescriptiveand inferentialstatisticsandpresentedbyuseoftablesandfigures.Thestudyes- tablished that the strategic values had significant influence on the perfor- manceoftechnicaltraininginstitutional.Theintroductionofthegovernment policyhasamoderatingvariableimprovedthemodelonstrategicvalue.The researcher recommends the alignment of the institutional philosophy to the institutionalstrategicvalueswhichcouldimprovetheperformanceofTech- nical Training Institutions.
IMPACT OF GROUP CONFORMITY ON ACADEMIC COUNSELING:A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BOYS AND GIRLS IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN THARAKA-NITHI COUNTY,KENYA
(Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 2018) Riungu ,Elosy Nyambura, Nyaga,Veronica Karimi
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of group conformity on academic counseling by comparing boys and girls in public secondary schools in Tharaka- Nithi County, Kenya. This study was ex- posto research which employed causal- comparative research design. The population of the study was 9,419 form three students from public secondary schools in the county. A sample of 350 respondents, comprising of 175 boys and 175 girls were involved in this study. The desired data was collected through a students’ questionnaire. Validity of the instruments was ensured through judgments of researchexpertsandscholarsintherelatedareaofstudy.Reliabilityoftheresearchinstrumentswasestimatedthroughapilot study in order to determine the internal consistency of the items. Percentages, frequency counts and t- test were adapted for data analysis by use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 for windows. A summary was used to analyze qualitative data. The findings of the study indicated no significant differences in the impact of group conformity on academic counseling between boys and girls. Therefore, it was recommended that when secondary school students are counseled on academic matters, teacher counselors should overlook arguments on gender which explain that girls are more prone to group conformity than boys.
Group obedience and its impact on academic counseling: a comparative study of boys and girls in public secondary schools in Tharaka- Nithi county, Kenya
(International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 2018) Riungu, Elosy Nyambura; Kinyua, Muthoni Susan
This study sought to establish the impact of group obedience on academic counseling by comparing boys and girls in public secondary schools in Tharaka- Nithi County, Kenya. Causal- comparative research design was employed in this study. The accessible population was 9,419 form three students from public secondary schools in the county. A total of 14 schools were sampled using stratified sampling technique while simple random sampling was used to select 25 student respondents from each of the sampled schools. A sample of 350 respondents was involved in this study: 175 boys and 175 girls. Data was collected through a students’ questionnaire. Validity of the instrument was ensured through judgments of research experts and scholars in the related area of study. Reliability of the instrument was estimated through a pilot study and the minimum threshold for reliability of the instrument was set at alpha 0.7. A reliability coefficient of 0.81 was got from the students’ questionnaire. Descriptive statistics of frequencies and percentages were used to analyze data, while inferential statistics of a t- test was used to test the hypothesis. Hypothesis was tested at a significant level of alpha 0.05. Data analysis was aided by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 for windows. A summary was used to organize qualitative data. It is recommended that teacher counselors intensify academic counseling programs by organizing sessions for various groups among students regardless of gender on how group obedience impacts on academic counseling.
African Indigenous Philosophical Foundations and Ethics: A Deconstruction and Reconstruction of Kenyan Education System
(European journal of social science, 2024-05-30) Ruth M. Mwanzia
One of the objectives of education is to promote ethical behaviour among learners. This is emphasized by various commissions and reports on education. Despite the enormous investment in education over the years and the high academic qualification, the level of impunity, corruption and intolerance among graduates and other leavers has become a major concern among educationists and stakeholders. Efforts through reforms and commissions have not yielded much in developing ethics among learners. This raises concern on the influence of African indigenous philosophical foundations on ethics. The current study aimed at determining the influence of deconstruction and reconstruction of African indigenous philosophical foundations on ethics among learners in all levels of education. The study was carried out in Kenyan universities and communities. Descriptive survey and correlation research design were adopted for the study. A sample size of 384 respondents comprising of 324 students and 60 academic staff participated in the study. Data collection was done using questionnaires and interviews. Instrument validity was enhanced through expert judgement by supervisors. Reliability of instruments was estimated by use of Cronbach Alpha. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Research hypothesis was tested using regression and correlation analysis at a significance level of α = 0.05. The study found out that the African indigenous philosophical foundations contribute significantly towards ethics. The null hypothesis that there exists no significant influence on deconstruction and reconstruction of philosophical foundations on ethics is not supported in the current study. The study recommends the need to integrate the African indigenous philosophical foundations in order to influence ethics among learners in all the levels of education
Perceptions on the Level of Influence of Parental Involvement on Acquisition of Literacy Skills among Pupils in Primary Schools in Akithi Division, Tigania West District, Kenya
(Journal of Education and Practice, 2017) Murungi, James Mwenda
Literacy is the basis for most school learning, and one of the surest predictors of academic achievement. Studies indicate that parents in Kenya are not actively involved in their children’s literacy acquisition process. This study sought to explore parents’, teachers’, and pupils perceptions on the influence of parental involvement on acquisition of literacy skills. The study was carried out in Akithi Division, Tigania West District, Kenya.Descriptive survey research design was used to carry out this study. Data collection was done using questionnaires and interview schedules. The study suggests that schools administrators need to formulate clear policy guidelines on the involvement of parents in the literacy development of their children.
Perceptions on Facebook and Ethnic relations during general elections in Kenya.
(International Journal of Education and Research, 2018-02) Murungi, James Mwenda
With the growth of social media use among the youth in Kenya, many have taken to this platform to use it as a way to share information. Not much is known about the extent to which Facebook was used to fan Ethnicity during the 2017 General election period in Kenya. The study was carried out in Chuka University, Tharaka Nithi county, Kenya. Descriptive survey research design was used to carry out this study. Data collection was done using questionnaires. It was found that hateful messages were frequently shared on Facebook during the 2017 General elections in Kenya. It was also found that messages posted on Facebook negatively influenced ethnic relations in Kenya and to an extent contributed to election related violence. The study suggested that the Government of Kenya should ensure that laws against divisive messages and hate speech are clearly spelt out and publicized especially to the Facebook users
Influence of Family Relationships on the Academic Performance of Children in Primary Schools in Kenya: A Case of Kianjiru Zone in Embu County
(Journal of Culture, Society and Development, 2017) Kagema, Dickson Nkonge; Njiru,Mary Muthoni
One of the key emphases of the Kenya Vision 2030 is education and training. It suggests education and training as a vital strategy to develop Kenya to be a middle-income economy. Family factors have been pin pointed as playing a significant role in enhancing the academic performance of children in schools worldwide. This research investigated the influence of family relationship on the academic performance of pupils in Kianjiru zone,in Embu County, Kenya. This was necessitated by the poor performance of pupils in the said area in the national examinations. The study employed the Descriptive Survey Design to collect information. The target population was 458 Standard seven and eight pupils in Kianjiru zone from where a sample size of 88 pupils was drawn. The data was collected using questionnaires for pupils that were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented using frequencies, percentages. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21 was used to aid in generating a summary of results. The study established that families play a vital role in the pupils’ learning and that the efforts of the parents are important in improving the academic performance of the children. It further established that children’s academic performance is affected by parental responsibilities such as providing them with learning materials, helping them do their homework, doing follow-up of their school work and attending school meetings. A notable thing however was that differences in educational background of parents did not make any significant difference in the academic achievement of the children. The recommendations of the study were that the parents should be sensitized on the need of their involvement in the children’s learning. This can be by the school management organizing seminars or meetings to enlighten the parents on the importance of creating a good learning environment at home.
Influence of teachers’ trade unions on teachers’ satisfaction in addressing working conditions in public secondary schools in Embu county, Kenya
(international journal of creative research thoughts, 2023-03-03) Mugambi M. Mary 1,2*, Tarsilla Kibaara
Teachers’ good working conditions help in enhancing service delivery and hence good performance. The study focused on the influence of trade unions membership on teachers’ and principals’ satisfaction with the working condition in Embu County, Kenya. Embu County has consistently performed posted poor results in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) The study employed a cross-sectional survey in design and implementation. A total of 203 teachers and 21 principals participated in the survey. The data were analyzed using frequency, percentages, mean, standard error of the mean, and simple linear regression. The study established that teachers (3.94) and principals (3.48) were satisfied trade unions efforts in bargaining for teachers’good working conditions. There was a positive association between union membership and teachers' and principals' satisfaction with working conditions. The study found a significant association between trade union membership and teachers' working conditions satisfaction. The findings implied that union membership among teachers and principals of teachers would significantly improve their satisfaction. The study recommended that trade unions should keep up their excellent work of agitating for better working conditions for their members and that ministry of education to join trade unions to campaign for more teachers to register with trade unions.
Burn -Out as a Psychological Effect of Widowhood in Meru County, Kenya: Comparative Study of Widows and Widowers
(Journal of Education and Practice, 2018) Mburugu, Beatrice
Widowhood is a state of losing a spouse through death and has been on the increase in Kenya and all over the world. A spouse’s death is traumatic and affect the widowed persons’ psychological well-being, as they go through the various stages of bereavement. They may become withdrawn, less motivated, become frustrated and isolated which may affect their mental and physical wellbeing when burn-out sets in. There may be adverse effects of widowhood that are psychological since the widowed persons may rate themselves low, have disturbing memories and fatigue after the death of the spouse whom they shared life with. In Meru community, no research has been done on the psychological effects of widowhood yet widowhood is traumatic and a common phenomenon in the community. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the psychological effects of burn-out by comparing widowed men and women in Meru County Kenya. A literature gap exists in Kenya on burn-out of widowed men and women thus motivating the author to come up with such a study. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine burn-out as a psychological effect of widowhood by comparing widowed men and women in Meru County Kenya. Ex post facto’s causal-comparative research design was considered appropriate for the study because of comparison of groups. A sample of 384 widowed persons (192 widows and 192 widowers) in four Districts that were purposively selected making a total of 384 respondents. Data was collected by use of questionnaires which were administered to widowed persons and two Focus Group Discussions for widowed persons were held in each of the four selected Districts; one for the widowers and another for widows. Data analysis was done by use of descriptive and inferential statistics. Inferential statistics included t-test which was used to establish whether differences in burn-out as a psychological effect existed between widowed men and women. Descriptive statistics that included frequencies, means and percentages were also used. The findings revealed variations in the widowed persons’ psychological effect of widowhood where widows showed high levels of burn-out than widowers. From the findings, it is evident that absence of either of the spouse negatively affects the mental and physical wellbeing of the living spouse especially widows. Counselling programmes of widowed persons in the country are needed to assist and empower them especially widows who are not allowed to remarry. It is therefore recommended that the Ministry of gender, religious organisations, service providers and other stakeholders should use such programmes to address psychological needs of widowed persons. Finally, the findings may assist the widowed men and women to cope better psychologically with their state of widowhood which is traumatizing as they attach meaning in life and bring up their families single handedly.
Relevance of Kenya secondary school chemistry instruction in preparation of students pursuing chemistry at university level
(International Educative Research Foundation and Publisher, 2015) Dr. wanja njagi, Mercy; Mr. njagi silas, Edward
Chemistry is one of the most important branches of science and its knowledge is necessary in the understanding of composition, properties and behavior changes of matter that form the environment around us. Chemistry is highly important in modern societies because of its requirement as a prerequisite to the study of many other science oriented courses such as medicine, engineering and pharmacy. Due to the significance of chemistry, there is need for students to be academically prepared at secondary school level for higher level pursuits. Chemistry as a subject in Kenya is introduced to learners at secondary school level. The purpose of the study was to explore the relevance of secondary school chemistry instruction in preparation of students pursuing chemistry at university level. The study sought to determine whether secondary school background, learning environmental experiences and pedagogical experiences are in accordant to preparation of students pursuing chemistry at the higher level. The study employed descriptive research design and data was obtained using questionnaire. The subjects of study were second year students taking chemistry courses as a main subject. The research was carried out in selected universities in Kenya. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used for data analysis. Results indicated that students find secondary school chemistry relevant in the courses they are pursuing but proper coverage of syllabus, more practicals and more projects would make it more relevant and appropriate. The findings of the study may provide insight to chemistry educators to refocus student preparation in secondary schools and equip them with knowledge and skills necessary to help them solve problems in everyday life rather than passing exams and fitting in prestigious careers.

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