Language and Linguistics
http://repository.chuka.ac.ke/handle/chuka/269
2022-04-14T01:35:15ZIMPACT OF KARATINA SEWER STABILIZATION PONDS ON BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER ALONG RIVER RAGATI IN NYERI COUNTY, KENYA
http://repository.chuka.ac.ke/handle/chuka/15553
IMPACT OF KARATINA SEWER STABILIZATION PONDS ON BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER ALONG RIVER RAGATI IN NYERI COUNTY, KENYA
Marangu, Carlos
River Ragati is an important habitat for diverse species of organisms, plants and micro-organisms. The larger Ragati ecosystem is surrounded by a rural and urban setting that has a population of more than 158, 960 people. The ecosystem is located in an area with intensive agricultural activities and with the largest open-air market in East Africa which produces heterogeneous wastes that may contaminate Ragati River. Though there is a sewerage treatment plant at Karatina Town in Nyeri County, there is scanty information on the efficiency of stabilization ponds and the impact of the sewer discharge on River Ragati. The study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of Karatina sewer treatment plant and its impact on physico-chemical and biological parameters along River Ragati during dry and wet seasons using quasi-experimental design. Data was analyzed using Scientific Analysis System (SAS) version 9.4. Wastewater parameters such as heavy metals. Nutrients and fecal and total coliform improved as they moved from one sedimentation to the next towards discharge. The pH during the wet season ranged from 6.54 to 7.96 and from 6.41 to 7.53 during the dry season. Temperature range of 20.17◦C to 25◦C and 23.9 to 25.7 ◦C was observed during wet season and dry seasons respectively. Concentrations of nitrates, phosphates, Zinc across sedimentation ponds differed significantly (p < 0.05). Nitrate concentrations range of 2.06 mg/l to 20.17 mg/l and 8.27 mg/l was observed during wet and dry season respectively. Phosphate concentrations ranged from 2.06 to 52.2 mg/l and 10.7 to 41.7 mg/l in wet and dry season respectively. Lead was below detection limit in this study in both seasons. The concentration of iron ranged from 0.56 to 30.42 mg/l and 0.06 to 22.1 mg/l during wet and dry season respectively. Total coliform and faecal coliform bacteria were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by seasons of the year. The levels of total coliform in the sewerage treatment plant ranged from 7.61 to 774.16 cfu/100ml and 10.453 to 1500 cfu/100ml during dry and wet season respectively. On the other hand, levels of faecal coliform bacteria ranged from 3.91 cfu/100ml to 74.19 cfu/100ml and 7.23 to 105.87 cfu/100ml in dry and wet season respectively. The pH, temperature, phosphate, iron and copper of water from River Ragati differed significantly (p < 0.05) between upstream, effluent discharge point and downstream. The pH in River ranged from 7.1 to 7.5 and 8.03 to 8.37 during the dry and wet season respectively. The temperature ranged from 23.16 to 23.61◦C and 21.18 to 22.55◦C during wet and dry season respectively. Nitrate concentrations ranged from 11.47 to 14.06 mg/l and from 14.83 to 18.05 mg/l during dry and wet season respectively. The concentrations of iron ranged from 0.41 to 0.63 mg/l while that of copper ranged from 0.85 to 0.11 mg/l. Nitrates were higher 16.82 mg/l in the river during the wet season. Phosphates were higher in the river during the wet season at 11.45 gm/L. Iron was higher in the river during the wet season at 0.69 gm/L. Levels of total coliform and faecal coliform bacteria was not significantly (p > 0.05) different in different sampling points of River Ragati during dry and wet seasons. However, the level of total coliform bacteria significantly (p < 0.05) differed with seasons. Based on the findings, Karatina sewerage treatment plant effectively improved quality of wastewater in terms of physico-chemical and coliform aspects sampled in the study and could further be improved using duckweeds and sand filtration methods in future studies. Further, Karatina sewerage treatment plant had no effect on River Ragati in terms of Physico-chemical and coliform constituents. Seasons of the year significantly affects the levels of chemical and physical parameters. Levels of total coliform and feacal coliform bacteria did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) by seasons in different sampling points of River Ragati. Levels of faecal coliform bacteria in different sampling points did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) in River Ragati. This study bridges the knowledge gap on the performance of Karatina sewerage treatment plant and its impact on River Ragati.
A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master in Environmental Science of Chuka University
2022-04-01T00:00:00ZNAMNA NYIMBO ZA TOHARA ZA JAMII YA WAIGEMBE ZILIVYODENGULIWA NA NYIMBO ZA DINI YA KIKRISTO
http://repository.chuka.ac.ke/handle/chuka/15552
NAMNA NYIMBO ZA TOHARA ZA JAMII YA WAIGEMBE ZILIVYODENGULIWA NA NYIMBO ZA DINI YA KIKRISTO
Eliud, Josphat
Igembe community is found in areas around North East of Mount Kenya. Igembe community has traditions which are associated with songs. This is that focuses to Igembe community is a descriptive study which investigates how circumcision songs have been deconstructed by religious songs in Igembe community that is found in Meru county. This study was guided by three objectives which were: to investigate themes from songs which have been deconstructed by religious songs, secondly, to explain styles used during deconstructions of religious songs as well as to investigate functionalism of deconstructed songs in Igembe community. This study was guided by Deconstruction theory as advanced by Jacques Derrida (1967) and Stylistic theory as advanced by Coombes (1953) and Leech (1969). Data for this study was collected from the field. Four male adults were targeted to help in understanding the message in circumcision songs as well as four artist who are well versed with Christian songs which have been deconstructed. Eighteen songs were used to analyse data for this study. The contexts which were used in data collection was male gatherings during circumcision mostly in months of April, July, October and on religious gatherings mostly in churches. The tools that were used for collection of data were tape recording of circumcision songs in circumcision ceremonies, dialogue and video. Each local song was written and the message was translated in Kiswahili and analysed in details through explanations. The songs that are sang before circumcision were analysed into three that is the traditional songs being three and the deconstructed songs three. The research analysed the deconstructed songs in thematic content, styles and its functionalism. Boys passed eight stages in their age set which includes: Kiramunya, Ithalii, Michubu, Ratanya, Lubetaa, Miriti, Buantai and Gichunge. In every age set, there was sub age groups which were three that is Ndinguri, Kobia and Kaberia. This study found that singers of religious songs used themes such as power of holy spirit as well as encouragement. Additionally, it as found that singers uses styles such as rhetorical questions, metaphor and repetitions amongs others. This study has given proposals on the area where other study can be carried in Igembe and on oral literature as whole. The study will be of benefit to future elites and researchers who will be interested in the field of oral literature mostly in songs. Data for this study will be used in preserving the oral literature of Igembe Community and that of Africa as whole. Data for this study was analysed through explanation and presented through writing.
Tasnifu iliyowasilishwa katika Shule ya Mafuzu Chuo Kikuu cha Chuka kwa minajili ya kutosheleza baadhi ya mahitaji ya Shahada ya Uzamili katika Kiswahili
2022-09-01T00:00:00ZEFFECTS OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC NPK FERTILIZER SOURCES ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF CELERY IN CHUKA SUB-COUNTY, THARAKA NITHI COUNTY
http://repository.chuka.ac.ke/handle/chuka/15551
EFFECTS OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC NPK FERTILIZER SOURCES ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF CELERY IN CHUKA SUB-COUNTY, THARAKA NITHI COUNTY
Kathuruh, Jackline
Celery (Apium graveolens) is a highly prized herb that is grown all over the world for salads. It has become more well-liked in Kenya, where it is mostly farmed for export. The influence of soil nutrient sources on the development and quality of celery is not well understood. The quantity, quality, safety, and shelf life of celery are all impacted by high nitrogen levels, necessitating more fertilizer use. In addition, the type of fertilizer used has a significant impact on the antioxidant buildup in celery. This study examined how fertilizer applications of NPK and mazao bora affected celery growth, production, and quality. NPK, an inorganic source of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, was used as part of the treatments, and Mazao. The Chuka University Horticultural Research Farm served as the site of the investigation. Between January and August 2020, there were two trials that were done. Three replications of the experiment were set up using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Seven treatments were used, including 0, 100, 200, 300 kg/ha of NPK fertilizer (15:9:20) and 0, 423.28, 634.92, and 846.56 kg/ha of organic fertilizer (2.5:4.7:2.4) from Mazao. Throughout the growth period, measurements of the plant's height, the number of petioles, and the number of branches were taken every 14 days. While yield, quality, and postharvest data were collected after harvest in Chuka University Laboratory. The collected information was put via Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) utilizing Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.3. Significant means were separated using the Least Significance Difference at α = 0.05. The results showed that organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly (p< 0.05) affected the plant height with NPK 300 kg/ha having the highest height in both trials at 52 days after transplanting (DAT). They recorded mean of 6.4 and 5.9 respectively. There was no significant effect between organic and inorganic fertilizer on internode length in both cultivations except at 80 days after transplanting in trial 1 and 52 days after transplanting in trial 2. The lowest was 0.35 in control and 3.7 organic 846.56 kg/ha. The number of stalks, number of branches and total soluble solids were significantly (p< 0.05) affected by the quantity of fertilizers applied. The 300 kg/ha of synthetic fertilizer recorded the highest number of stalks at 52 DAT 5.42 in both trials while 846.56 kg/ha of organic fertilizer recorded the highest in all days in both trials. The 300 kg/ha of inorganic fertilizer and 846.56 kg/ha of organic fertilizer showed the highest number of branches in both cultivations though at 80 DAT in both trials it was inconsistent. 300 kg/ha of organic fertilizer recorded the highest levels of total soluble solutes 9.51. When compared to the control, fertilizer rates had a substantial impact on yields, shoot and root dry weights, and plant biomass, all of which dramatically increased. According to the study, organic fertilizer produced the best growth, yields, and high levels of vitamin C, whereas inorganic fertilizer performed best in terms of quality criteria (total soluble solutes, total nitrogen, and crude protein) and the majority of postharvest metrics. Based on this study, organic fertilizer (Mazao bora) should be adopted gives high yields at 846.56 kg/ha and high levels of vitamin C (423.28 kg/ha), longest shelf life at 634.92 kg/ha. Also, norganic fertilizer (NPK) should be used for the production of celery as it gives high total soluble solutes at 300 kg/ha, crude protein and total nitrogen at 100 kg/ha. These properties are essenital to human health since they reduce chances of disease infection.
A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Masters of Science in Horticulture of Chuka University
2022-09-01T00:00:00ZREADING THE ROMANCE MOTIF IN NARRATIVE CONSTRUCTION OF SELECTED GĨKŨYŨ POPULAR SONGS
http://repository.chuka.ac.ke/handle/chuka/7873
READING THE ROMANCE MOTIF IN NARRATIVE CONSTRUCTION OF SELECTED GĨKŨYŨ POPULAR SONGS
KANGANGI, WANJA EUNICE
READING THE ROMANCE MOTIF IN NARRATIVE CONSTRUCTION OF SELECTED GĨKŨYŨ POPULAR SONGS
A Thesis submitted to the Graduate School in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Literature of Chuka University.
2020-12-01T00:00:00Z